HTML5 video

The HTML5 specification introduced the video element for the purpose of playing videos,[1] partially replacing the object element. HTML5 video is intended by its creators to become the new standard way to show video on the web, instead of the previous de facto standard of using the proprietary Adobe Flash plugin, though early adoption was hampered by lack of agreement as to which video coding formats and audio coding formats should be supported in web browsers. As of 2020, HTML5 video is the only widely supported video playback technology in modern browsers, with the Flash plugin being phased out.

History of <video> element

The <video> element started being discussed by the WHATWG in October 2006.[2] The <video> element was proposed by Opera Software in February 2007.[3] Opera also released a preview build that was showcased the same day,[4][5] and a manifesto that called for video to become a first-class citizen of the web.[6]

<video> element examples

The following HTML5 code fragment will embed a WebM video into a web page.

<video src="movie.webm" poster="movie.jpg" controls>
	This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.
</video>

The "controls" attribute enables the browser's own user interface for controlling playback. Alternatively, playback can be controlled with JavaScript, which the web designer can use to create a custom user interface. The optional "poster" attribute specifies an image to show in the video's place before playback is started. Its purpose is to be representative of the video.

Multiple sources

Video format support varies among browsers (see below), so a web page can provide video in multiple formats. For other features, browser sniffing is used sometimes, which may be error-prone: any web developer's knowledge of browsers will inevitably be incomplete or not up-to-date. The browser in question "knows best" what formats it can use. The "video" element supports fallback through specification of multiple sources. Using any number of <source> elements, as shown below, the browser will choose automatically which file to download. Alternatively, the JavaScript canPlayType() function can be used to achieve the same. The "type" attribute specifies the MIME type and possibly a list of codecs, which helps the browser to determine whether it can decode the file without beginning to download it. The MIME type denotes the container format of the file, and the container format defines the interpretation of the codec string.[7]

<video poster="poster.jpg" controls>
	<source src="av1.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="av01.0.00M.08, opus"'>
	<source src="avc.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'>
	<source src="vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9.0, opus"'>
	<source src="theora.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"'>
	<p>This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.</p>
</video>

Supported video and audio formats
See also: Use of Ogg formats in HTML5

The HTML5 specification does not specify which video and audio formats browsers should support. User agents are free to support any video formats they feel are appropriate, but content authors cannot assume that any video will be accessible by all complying user agents, since user agents have no minimal set of video and audio formats to support.

The HTML5 Working Group considered it desirable to specify at least one video format which all user agents (browsers) should support. The ideal format in this regard would:

  • Have good compression, good image quality, and low decode processor use.
  • Be royalty-free.
  • In addition to software decoders, a hardware video decoder should exist for the format, as many embedded processors do not have the performance to decode video.

Initially, Ogg Theora was the recommended standard video format in HTML5, because it was not affected by any known patents. But on 10 December 2007, the HTML5 specification was updated,[8] replacing the reference to concrete formats:

User agents should support Theora video and Vorbis audio, as well as the Ogg container format.

with a placeholder:[9]

It would be helpful for interoperability if all browsers could support the same codecs. However, there are no known codecs that satisfy all the current players: we need a codec that is known to not require per-unit or per-distributor licensing, that is compatible with the open source development model, that is of sufficient quality as to be usable, and that is not an additional submarine patent risk for large companies. This is an ongoing issue and this section will be updated once more information is available.[10]

The result was a polarisation of HTML5 video between industry-standard, ISO-defined but patent-encumbered formats, and open formats. The new AV1 format by Alliance for Open Media aims to be both industry standard, royalty-free, and open, and has wide industry support.

Free formats
See also: Theora and WebM

Although Theora is not affected by known non-free patents, Apple[11] has expressed concern about unknown patents that might affect it, whose owners might be waiting for a corporation with extensive financial resources to use the format before suing.[12][13] Formats like H.264 might also be subject to unknown patents in principle, but they have been deployed much more widely and so it is presumed that any patent-holders would have already made themselves known. Apple has also opposed requiring Ogg format support in the HTML standard (even as a "should" requirement) on the grounds that some devices might support other formats much more easily, and that HTML has historically not required particular formats for anything.[13]

Some web developers criticized the removal of the Ogg formats from the specification.[14] A follow-up discussion also occurred on the W3C questions and answers blog.[15]

Mozilla and Opera support only the open formats of Theora and WebM. Google stated its intention to remove support for H.264 in 2011, specifically for the HTML5 video tag.[16] Although it has been removed from Chromium, as of January 2021 it has yet to be removed from Google Chrome ten years later.[17][18]

MPEG-DASH Support via the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE)
See also: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

The adaptive bitrate streaming standard MPEG-DASH can be used in Web browsers via the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE)[19] and JavaScript-based DASH players. Such players are, e.g., the open-source project dash.js[19] of the DASH Industry Forum, but there are also products such as bitdash of bitmovin[20] (using HTML5 with JavaScript, but also a Flash-based DASH players for legacy Web browsers not supporting the HTML5 MSE).

Google's purchase of On2

Google's acquisition of On2 in 2010 resulted in its acquisition of the VP8 video format. Google has provided a royalty-free license to use VP8.[21] Google also started WebM, which combines the standardized open source VP8 video codec with Vorbis audio in a Matroska based container. The opening of VP8 was welcomed by the Free Software Foundation.[22]

When Google announced in January 2011 that it would end native support of H.264 in Chrome,[23] criticism came from many quarters including Peter Bright of Ars Technica[24] and Microsoft web evangelist Tim Sneath, who compared Google's move to declaring Esperanto the official language of the United States.[25] However, Haavard Moen of Opera Software strongly criticized the Ars Technica article[26] and Google responded to the reaction by clarifying its intent to promote WebM in its products on the basis of openness.[16]

After the launch of WebM, Mozilla and Opera have called for the inclusion of VP8 in HTML.[27]

On 7 March 2013, Google Inc. and MPEG LA, LLC announced agreements covering techniques that "may be essential" to VP8, with Google receiving a license from MPEG LA and 11 patent holders, and MPEG LA ending its efforts to form a VP8 patent pool.[28][29][30][31]

In 2012, VP9 was released by Google as a successor to VP8, also open and royalty free.

At the end of 2017 the new AV1 format developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) as the evolution of VP9 has reached the feature freeze, and the bitstream freeze is expected for January 2018. Firefox nightly builds already include support for AV1.[32]

Non-free formats
See also: H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is widely used, and has good speed, compression, hardware decoders, and video quality, but is patent-encumbered.[33] Users of H.264 need licenses either from the individual patent holders, or from the MPEG LA, a group of patent holders including Microsoft and Apple, except for some Internet broadcast video uses.[34] H.264 is usually used in the MP4 container format, together with Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) audio. AAC is also covered by patents in itself, so users of MP4 will have to license both H.264 and AAC.

In June 2009, the WHATWG concluded that no existing format was suitable as a specified requirement.[35]

Apple still only supports H.264, but Microsoft now supports VP9 and WebM, and has pledged support for AV1.

Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free
Main article: OpenH264

On 30 October 2013, Cisco announced that it was making a binary H.264 module available for download. Cisco will pay the costs of patent licensing for those binary modules when downloaded by the using software while it is being installed, making H.264 free to use in that specific case.[36]

In the announcement, Cisco cited its desire of furthering the use of the WebRTC project as the reason, since WebRTC's video chat feature will benefit from having a video format supported in all browsers.[37] The H.264 module will be available on "all popular or feasibly supportable platforms, which can be loaded into any application".[38]

Cisco is also planning to publish source code for those modules under BSD license, but without paying the royalties,[36] so the code will practically be free software only in countries without H.264 software patents, which has already been true about other existing implementations.

Also on 30 October 2013, Mozilla's Brendan Eich announced that Firefox would automatically download Cisco's H.264 module when needed by default. He also noted that the binary module is not a perfect solution, since users do not have full free software rights to "modify, recompile, and redistribute without license agreements or fees". Thus Xiph and Mozilla continue the development of Daala.[38][39]

OpenH264 only supports the baseline profile of H.264, and does not by itself address the need for an AAC decoder. Therefore, it is not considered sufficient for typical MP4 web video, which is typically in the high profile with AAC audio.[40][41][42] However, for use in WebRTC, the omission of AAC was justified in the release announcement: "the standards bodies have aligned on Opus and G.711 as the common audio codecs for WebRTC".[37] There is doubt as to whether a capped global licensing of AAC, like Cisco's for H.264, is feasible after AAC's licensing bureau removed the price cap shortly after the release of OpenH264.[43]

Browser support

This table shows which video formats are likely to be supported by a given user agent. Most of the browsers listed here use a multimedia framework for decoding and display of video, instead of incorporating such software components. It is not generally possible to tell the set of formats supported by a multimedia framework without querying it, because that depends on the operating system and third party codecs.[44] In these cases, video format support is an attribute of the framework, not the browser (or its layout engine), assuming the browser properly queries its multimedia framework before rejecting unknown video formats. In some cases, the support listed here is not a function of either codecs available within the operating system's underlying media framework, or of codec capabilities built into the browser, but rather could be by a browser add-on that might, for example, bypass the browser's normal HTML parsing of the <video> tag to embed a plug-in based video player.

Note that a video file normally contains both video and audio content, each encoded in its own format. The browser has to support both the video and audio formats. See HTML5 audio for a table of which audio formats are supported by each browser.

The video format can be specified by MIME type in HTML (see example). MIME types are used for querying multimedia frameworks for supported formats.[45]

Of these browsers, only Firefox and Opera employ libraries for built-in decoding. In practice, Internet Explorer and Safari can also guarantee certain format support, because their manufacturers also make their multimedia frameworks. At the other end of the scale, Konqueror has identical format support to Internet Explorer when run on Windows, and Safari when run on Mac, but the selected support here for Konqueror is the typical for GNU/Linux, where Konqueror has most of its users. In general, the format support of browsers is much dictated by conflicting interests of vendors, specifically that Media Foundation and QuickTime support commercial standards, whereas GStreamer and Phonon cannot legally support other than free formats by default on the free operating systems that they are intended for.[46]

Status of video format support in each web browser
Browser Operating System Theora (Ogg) H.264 (MP4) HEVC (MP4) VP8 (WebM) VP9 (WebM) AV1 (WebM)
Android browser Android Since 2.3[47] Since 3.0[47] Since 5.0[47] Since 2.3[47] Since 4.4[47] Since 10
Chromium Unix-like and Windows Since r18297[48] Via FFmpeg[49][50] No[51] Since r47759[52] Since r172738[53] Yes
Google Chrome Unix-like, Android, macOS, iOS, and Windows Since 3.0[54][55] Since 3.0[55][lower-alpha 1] No[57] Since 6.0[58][59] Since 29.0[lower-alpha 2] Since 70[62]
Internet Explorer Windows Via OpenCodecs Since 9.0[63] No[57] Via OpenCodecs No No
Windows Phone No Since 9.0[64] No
Windows RT Since 10.0[64]
Microsoft Edge Windows 10 Since 17.0 (with Web Media Extensions)[65][66][67] Since 12.0[68] Needs hardware decoder[lower-alpha 3] Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with Web Media Extensions and VP9 Video Extensions)[66] Only enabled by default if hardware decoder present[71]

Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with Web Media Extensions and VP9 Video Extensions)[65][66][67]

 Since 18.0 (with AV1 Video Extension)[72]
Windows 10 Mobile No Since 13.0[73] Since 15.0 (only via MSE)[74] Since 14.0 (only via MSE)[75] No
Konqueror Unix-like and Windows Needs OS-level codecs[lower-alpha 4]
Mozilla Firefox Windows 7+ Since 3.5[76] Since 21.0[lower-alpha 5] No[57] Since 4.0[79][80] Since 28.0[81][82] Since 65.0[83]
Windows Vista Since 22.0[84]
Windows XP and N editions Since 46.0[85]
Linux 26.0 (via GStreamer)[lower-alpha 6]
43.0 (via FFmpeg)[88]		 Since 67
Android Since 17.0[89] in Nightly
macOS Since 34.0[90] Since 66.0
Firefox OS Since 1.1[91] No
Opera Mobile Android, iOS, Symbian, and Windows Mobile Since 13.0 Since 11.50 No[92] Since 15.0 Since 16.0 since 57.0[62]
Opera macOS, Windows, Linux Since 10.50[93] Since 24.0[94] Since 10.60[95][96] Yes since 57.0[62]
Safari iOS No Since 3.1[97] Since 11[98] Since 12.1 (only supports WebRTC)[99] Since 14 (only supports WebRTC)[100] No
macOS Via Xiph QuickTime Components (macOS 10.11 and earlier)
GNOME Web Linux and BSD Needs OS-level codecs[lower-alpha 7]
Notes
  1. On 11 January 2011 the removal of support for H.264 was announced on Chromium Blog.[56] As of 7 November 2016 neither actual support was removed, nor the change to this plan was announced.
  2. VP9 support in 25, turned off by default.[60] Enabled by default in version 29.[61]
  3. Available if the device has hardware support for HEVC.[69] No software decoding support was included because "HEVC is very computationally complex, this will provide a more consistent experience."[70]
  4. Any format supported by Phonon backend. Available Phonon backends include DirectShow, QuickTime, GStreamer and xine; backends using MPlayer and VLC are in development.
  5. As of version 20, prefed off by default.[77] Enabled by default beginning in version 21.[78]
  6. Disabled by default until version 26.[86] Also, depends on the codec on the system.[87]
  7. Any format supported by GStreamer on Webkit/GTK+.[101] The support for Ogg Theora, WebM and h.264 formats is included with base, good, and bad plugins respectively.[102]

Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions)
Main article: Encrypted Media Extensions

HTML has support for digital rights management (DRM, restricting how content can be used) via the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). The addition of DRM is controversial because it allows restricting users' freedom to use media restricted by DRM, even where fair use gives users the legal right to do so.[103] A main argument in W3C's approval of EME was that the video content would otherwise be delivered in plugins and apps, and not in the web browser.[104]

In 2013 Netflix added support for HTML5 video using EME, beside their old delivery method using a Silverlight plugin (also with DRM).[105]

Usage

In 2010, in the wake of Apple iPad launch and after Steve Jobs announced that Apple mobile devices would not support Flash, a number of high-profile sites began to serve H.264 HTML5 video instead of Adobe Flash for user-agents identifying as iPad.[106] HTML5 video was not as widespread as Flash videos, though there were rollouts of experimental HTML5-based video players from DailyMotion (using Ogg Theora and Vorbis format),[107] YouTube (using the H.264 and WebM formats),[108] and Vimeo (using the H.264 format).[109]

Support for HTML5 video has been steadily increasing. In June 2013, Netflix added support for HTML5 video.[110] In January 2015, YouTube switched to using HTML5 video instead of Flash by default.[111] In December 2015, Facebook switched from Flash to HTML5 for all video content.[112]

As of 2016, Flash is still widely installed on desktops, while generally not being supported on mobile devices such as smartphones.[113] The Flash plugin is widely assumed, including by Adobe,[113][114] to be destined to be phased out,[115][116] which will leave HTML5 video as the only widely supported method to play video on the World Wide Web. Chrome,[117][118] Firefox,[119] Safari,[120] and Edge,[121] have plans to make almost all flash content click to play in 2017. The only major browser which does not have announced plans to deprecate Flash is Internet Explorer.[122] Adobe announced on 25 July 2017 that they would be permanently ending development of Flash in 2020.[123]

See also

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