Halichondria

Halichondria is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.[1][2] These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.

Halichondria
Halichondria panicea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Suberitida
Family: Halichondriidae
Genus: Halichondria
Fleming, 1828[1]
Species

see text

This genus of sponges became important through the discovery of cell division limiting properties of the extract Halichondrin B, which inhibits cell mitosis. The drug Eribulin, a related compound and an inhibitor of microtubule function, has become an important chemotherapy treatment for certain types of cancer.[3][4][5][6][7]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Halichondria:[1]

  • Subgenus Eumastia Schmidt, 1870
  • Subgenus Halichondria Fleming, 1828
    • Halichondria adelpha de Laubenfels, 1954
    • Halichondria agglomerans Cabioch, 1968
    • Halichondria aldabrensis Lévi, 1961
    • Halichondria almae (Carballo, Uriz & García-Gómez, 1996)
    • Halichondria arenacea Dendy, 1895
    • Halichondria arenosa Hentschel, 1929
    • Halichondria axinelloides Swartschewsky, 1906
    • Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930
    • Halichondria brondstedi De Laubenfels, 1936
    • Halichondria brunnea (Schmidt, 1868)
    • Halichondria cancellosa (Carter, 1886)
    • Halichondria capensis Samaai & Gibbons, 2005
    • Halichondria carotenoidea Alvarez & Hooper, 2011
    • Halichondria cartilaginea (Esper, 1794)
    • Halichondria cebimarensis Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
    • Halichondria coerulea Bergquist, 1967
    • Halichondria colossea Lundbeck, 1902
    • Halichondria contorta (Sarà, 1961)
    • Halichondria convolvens Sarà, 1960
    • Halichondria cornuloides Burton, 1954
    • Halichondria cristata Sarà, 1978
    • Halichondria cylindrata Tanita & Hoshino, 1989
    • Halichondria darwinensis Hooper, Cook, Hobbs & Kennedy, 1997
    • Halichondria diazae Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
    • Halichondria diversispiculata Burton, 1930
    • Halichondria dubia (Czerniavsky, 1880)
    • Halichondria elenae Gastaldi, De Paula, Narvarte, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2018
    • Halichondria fallax (Marshall, 1892)
    • Halichondria flexuosa (Sarà, 1978)
    • Halichondria foetida (Wilson, 1894)
    • Halichondria foraminosa (Czerniavsky, 1880)
    • Halichondria fragilis Kieschnick, 1896
    • Halichondria gageoenesis Kang & Sim, 2008
    • Halichondria genitrix (Schmidt, 1870)
    • Halichondria gilvus Samaai & Gibbons, 2005
    • Halichondria glabrata Keller, 1891
    • Halichondria heterorrhaphis Breitfuss, 1912
    • Halichondria intermedia Brøndsted, 1924
    • Halichondria isthmica] (Keller, 1883)
    • Halichondria japonica (Kadota, 1922)
    • Halichondria knowltoni Bergquist, 1961
    • Halichondria labiata Hentschel, 1929
    • Halichondria lambei Brøndsted, 1933
    • Halichondria lendenfeldi Lévi, 1961
    • Halichondria leuconoides Topsent, 1890
    • Halichondria longispicula (Czerniavsky, 1880)
    • Halichondria lutea Alcolado, 1984
    • Halichondria magniconulosa Hechtel, 1965
    • Halichondria marianae Santos, Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2018
    • Halichondria melanadocia Laubenfels, 1936
    • Halichondria membranacea (Sarà, 1978)
    • Halichondria microbiana Alvarez & Hooper, 1911
    • Halichondria migottea Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
    • Halichondria minuta Keller, 1891
    • Halichondria modesta (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)
    • Halichondria moorei Bergquist, 1961
    • Halichondria muanensis Kang & Sim, 2008
    • Halichondria nigrocutis (Carter, 1886)
    • Halichondria normani Burton, 1930
    • Halichondria oblonga (Hansen, 1885)
    • Halichondria okada (Kadota, 1922)
    • Halichondria osculum Lundbeck, 1902
    • Halichondria oshoro Tanita, 1961
    • Halichondria oxiparva (Sarà, 1978)
    • Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766)
    • Halichondria papillaris (Pallas, 1766)
    • Halichondria pelliculata Ridley & Dendy, 1886
    • Halichondria phakellioides Dendy & Frederick, 1924
    • Halichondria poa (de Laubenfels, 1947)
    • Halichondria pontica (Czerniavsky, 1880)
    • Halichondria prostrata Thiele, 1905
    • Halichondria punctata Bergquist, 1970
    • Halichondria renieroides (Fristedt, 1887)
    • Halichondria semitubulosa (Lamarck, 1814)
    • Halichondria solidior (Schmidt, 1870)
    • Halichondria stylata Diaz, Pomponi & Van Soest, 1993
    • Halichondria suberosa (Esper, 1794)
    • Halichondria sulfurea Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
    • Halichondria surrubicunda Hoshino, 1981
    • Halichondria syringea Pulitzer-Finali, 1996
    • Halichondria tenebrica Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
    • Halichondria tenuiramosa Dendy, 1922
    • Halichondria tenuispiculata Brøndsted, 1916
    • Halichondria turritella (Schmidt, 1870)
    • Halichondria velamentosa (Hansen, 1885)
  • Subgenus unassigned
    • Halichondria albescens sensu Johnston, 1842
    • Halichondria flava (Merejkowski, 1878)
    • Halichondria hongdoenesis Kang & Sim, 2008
    • Halichondria kelleri Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
    • Halichondria lona Laubenfels, 1936
    • Halichondria magellanica Dendy, 1924
    • Halichondria ulleungensis Kang & Sim, 2008

References
  1. van Soest, R. (2020). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Halichondria Fleming, 1828". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
  2. A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic: Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description of valid species
  3. Towle, Murray J.; Salvato, Kathleen A.; Budrow, Jacqueline; Wels, Bruce F.; Kuznetsov, Galina; Aalfs, Kimberley K.; Welsh, Susan; Zheng, Wanjun; Seletsk, Boris M.; Palme, Monica H.; Habgood, Gregory J.; Singer, Lori A.; Dipietro, Lucian V.; Wang, Yuan; Chen, Jack J.; Quincy, David A.; Davis, Ashley; Yoshimatsu, Kentaro; Kishi, Yoshito; Yu, Melvin J.; Littlefield, Bruce A. (2 February 2001). "In vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B". Cancer Research. 61 (3): 1013–1021. PMID 11221827.
  4. Yu, Melvin J.; Kishi, Yoshito; Littlefield, Bruce A. (2005). "Discovery of E7389, a fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of halichondrin B". In Newman, David J.; Kingston, David G.I.; Cragg, Gordon M. (eds.). Anticancer agents from natural products. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-1863-4. OCLC 57169963.
  5. Hirata, Yoshimasa; Uemura, Daisuke (January 1986). "Halichondrins - antitumor polyether macrolides from a marine sponge" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 58 (5): 701–710. doi:10.1351/pac198658050701.
  6. Bai, Ruoli L.; Paull, Kenneth D.; Herald, Cherry L.; Malspeis, Louis; Pettit, George R.; Hamel, Ernest (25 August 1991). "Halichondrin B and Homohalichondrin B, Marine Natural Products Binding in the Vinca Domain of Tubulin. Discovery of tubulin-based mechanism of action by analysis of differential cytotoxicity data". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (24): 15882–15889. PMID 1874739.
  7. Jordan, M.A.; Kamath, K.; Manna, T.; Okouneva, T.; Miller, H.P.; Davis, C.; Littlefield, B.A.; Wilson, L. (July 2005). "The primary antimitotic mechanism of action of the synthetic halichondrin E7389 is suppression of microtubule growth". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 4 (7): 1086–1095. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-04-0345. PMID 16020666.


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