Handi

The handi is utilised mainly for cooking purposes, especially for slow-cooking. For example when any dish is cooked in the handi – the lid is sealed to it, using dough so steam cannot escape, preserving the nutrients in the food. In turn this also allows for the food to be cooked using its own water content, accentuating its flavour and tang.

There are many dishes that are cooked using the Handi. Many of the dishes’ names actually incorporate the word ‘Handi’ into it. Some of these dishes include:

• Chicken Handi
• Handi Biryani
• Handi Khichdi
• Diwani Handi
• Handi Paneer
• Handi Komdi
• Handi Corn Sabzi
• Laziz Lamb Handi
• Khade Masala Ka Ghosht

Pottery has played a significant role in the history of arts in India, dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation.[1] It is one of the most iconic components of Indian history. There was a time when Pottery was the main source of income for the regular Indian middle class.[2][1] It has been and continues to be a medium through which humans have expressed their emotions and desires as a form of art. Every piece of Pottery is symbolic of something perpetuated by its physical shape, colour and often the artwork on the Pottery itself.[2] Originally pots were made to store water during the hot summers, and grains of crops but later on were used to make utensils used in the kitchen like cups, plates, and indeed saucepans. Subsequently, the handi was made from clay as a type of pot too.[2][1][3]

The raw material to construct pots – clay – is in abundance across the Indian sub-continent, hence Pottery in India from its initial times to become very popular in its use was inevitable. With the increase of Pottery across India, and due to its popularity it was beginning to be traded to different parts of the world.[2][1][3][4]

Painting on pots began during the Mughal reign in India in the 12th century. The Mughal rulers incentivised potters from [[Central Asia and Persia to migrate to India, which exponentially increased the popularity and rate of production of Pottery in India.[2]

Copper has been used widely on Earth by Humans for nearly 6000 years – often being referred to as the "Jewellery of the Kitchen".[2] Before the Bronze Age, copper was the most widely used metal especially throughout Asia, Europe, Mesopotamia and Egypt. The coppersmiths of those times, though not highly regarded in modern times, were one of the most imperative communities to live many centuries ago.[2]

Copper naturally possesses many properties that are highly useful for kitchen utensils and cooking ware.[2][3][4] It is highly conductive, very durable, and highly resistant to corrosion. Because of its abundance across the world, this allowed copper to purchased in a variety of shapes and sizes, with price varying depending on the quality of the utensil.[3][4]

During the Mesopotamian age, instead of stone and rock, copper was utilised. Proof of copper utensils have been found in Mesopotamia, more so in the region of the Sumerians.[2] Even earlier, it is known that copper was used to create weapons and tools, including arrows, knives, and spearheads.[2]

In Egypt, copper started being used widely around 2700 BC. ^[2]It was used mostly to build water pipelines and sewerage systems throughout villages. Later, its use broadened to artistry, cookware, vessels, and even different kinds of instruments. Egyptians were renowned for creating cutlery made from copper, such as tongs and large spoons.[2][3] Utensils like pots, plates and trays were also widely utilised across Egypt. Many of the temples in Egypt house copper vessels, plus more decorations such as drums, pillars and mirrors.[2]

A country where copper has been used extensively is India. It has a deep-rooted history in its use of copper.[2][3][4] It was used in a variety of ways, in villages, nooks, mills. You could find it everywhere from large fortresses to rugged slums, statues to roadside carts.[2][3][4] Copper has held an ancient artistic impact within India, let alone being of great religious and cultural significance. During the Mughal reigns of India, it was used in coins, weapons – especially cannons, and utensils. In Royal Indian palaces, copper was used to make boxes to store many things like spices, nuts, clothes, water. A lot of art and work went into creating these objects out of copper, carved intricately to every minute detail.[2]

A major use of copper has been in that of Ayurveda – a natural system of Indian medicine.[3][4] Ayurvedic practitioners have believed firmly in the healing strengths of copper. Many of these practitioners stored water in pots and containers made from copper.[2][3][4] Ayurveda says that, copper is one metal that has immense capacity to balance the three main elements of the body – vata, kapha and pitta. Vata is the energy of movement, pitta is metabolism, kapha is the energy that binds the structure of the body.[3]

The Dahi Handi festival is a Hindu festive event, that occurs to celebrate the birth of Krishna (a Hindu God), which is also known as Krishna Janmashtami. The festival is held annually around August to September, with dates varying year to year.[5][6][7]

Krishna is believed to be the eighth avatar of the Lord Vishnu, who was born to get rid of Mathura from the allegedly cruel king Kamsa. He was born to Kamsa’s sister; Devaki, and her husband Vasudeva. However, in order to survive from Kamsa’s cruel and wrathful ways, Krishna was raised by his foster parents Nand and Yashoda in the village of Vrindavan.[5]

There is a legend regarding Lord Krishna. Krishna was raised in a village in northern India, called Vrindavan, in the state of Uttar Pradesh. He used to love a variety of dairy products, especially white butter (Makhan) whilst growing up as a child. Because of this, he even used to steal dairy produce from neighbours in the village, and from surrounding villages too. Due to these activities, Krishna gained the reputation of being a Makhan Chor or Navneet Chor (thief of butter).[5][6] His foster mother Yashoda started to get frustrated by his stealing habits. Thus she told the women in the village and surrounding villages to tie their dairy produce in a handi, especially Makhan at a height Krishna would not be able to reach. Yashoda also used to restrain him as much as she could. However, Krishna using his wit would gather his friends and other children to form a human pyramid (as they do now every year) to break handis hanging on the ceilings in houses of the neighbourhood to steal curd and butter – which is why they have yoghurt or other dairy hanging in the handi during present festivals.[5][6][7]

Another legend that exists is that supposedly, the king Kamsa during Krishna’s times denied children sufficient nourishment through the seizing of dairy products, even though there was an abundance of it. Hence, Krishna and his peers would steal and distribute the dairy products among themselves.[5][6] A major event that occurs during the festival is the sport that is played – called Dahi Handi. It involves the hanging of the handi that is filled with Dahi (yoghurt) at a difficult height to reach – usually at 30 ft.[5][6]

Then young boys and men create teams to form a large human pyramid to try to reach and break open the pot. Girls on the ground form circles around the pyramid – sing songs and dance. It often becomes very competitive between teams, with the winning team achieving some sort of prize for breaking the pot. The teams that play this sport are highly dedicated, especially in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. They practice weeks ahead of the festival, often involving lots of focus, coordination and most of all enthusiasm.[5][6][7]

One human pyramid can have as many as nine layers to it. The lower levels or layers have the stronger, sturdier people who can bear lots of mass on their shoulders. As you go up the levels, the lighter the boys get, with the top-most boy being the lightest, smallest and has the most energy who can break open the handi. The persons that form the pyramid are called ‘Govinda Pathak’ or ‘Govinda.’ Every year at this festival, many a team participate mostly in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, with the winning team being rewarded usually in the form of money, sweets or other prizes. The Dahi Handi itself usually contains yoghurt, ghee, sometimes milk and some forms of nuts like almonds.[6][7]

Not all attempts for every group are successful. People often end up tumbling down from the top to the bottom of the human pyramid, which not only is very painful but can be quite dangerous, sometimes causing serious injury.[5]

The community including the neighbourhood where the event occurs gather in large numbers. Many of them throw water balloons, and buckets of water down on the participating teams adding a modern touch to the festival. Due to the atmospheric pressure and excitement leading up to the festival, the teams have lots of adrenaline running through their blood, motivating them to break the Dahi Handi.[5][7]

Prior to and following the ceremony of breaking open the handi, folk dances are performed by members of the team and surrounding people. One such dance ‘Jhaanki,’ which is a special dance to admire Lord Krishna. Others include ‘Lavani,’ which are organised and performed to keep the spectators entertained and add variation to the event. Lavani is a form of dance popular in Maharashtra, India typically performed to the Dholki, an Indian percussion instrument.[6][7]

There are however many issues that have arisen due to this festival. This includes excessive littering by the public every year. There is also lots of congestion in traffic that is caused during the day of the Dahi Handi festival. Another issue is that of significant sound pollution, which is enhanced with large crowds.[5] The biggest issue of this festival is the increased risk of mortality amongst participants. Ever since 2000, because the festival became much more competitive, the number of injuries incurred has risen greatly compared to previous years. To reduce the risk of injury it has been proposed on multiple occasions to lower the height of the handi, whilst also making it mandatory for participants to wear protective gear. In 2014 Maharashtra's government placed a ban on children under the age of 12 participating in the Dahi Handi festival.[5][6][7]

• Indian pottery
• List of cooking vessels