Haplogroup C-M8

Haplogroup C-M8 also known as Haplogroup C1a1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup C1a, one of the descendants of Haplogroup C-M130.

Haplogroup C-M8 (C1a1)
Possible time of origin41,900YBP[1]
51,800YBP[2]　
Coalescence age11,650YBP[3]
Possible place of originNortheast Asia[4]
Ancestor(Grandparent) Haplogroup C1a
Defining mutationsM8, M105, M131, P122
Highest frequenciesJōmon people 30%, Yamato people 6% (3.3% - 10%), Ryukyuan people 6.8% (4.4% - 8.0%)

It has been found in about 10% of modern males sampled in Japan and has been considered to be a Y-DNA haplogroup descended from Jōmon people.[5][6] Elsewhere, it has been observed among academic studies only in one individual in a sample collected on Jeju Island of South Korea[7] and in commercial testing in one individual who has reported an origin in Liaoning province of China and one individual who has reported an origin in Seoul, South Korea.[8]

The MRCA with its sister haplogroup C-V20 dates back to 40,000[1] to 50,000[2] years ago. Diffusion of existing subtypes of C-M8 is estimated from about 12,000 years ago.[3]

C1a1 as well as C2 are found in the Jōmon people and are linked to "Tungusic-like people", which arrived in the Jōmon period archipelago from Northeast Asia in about 6,000 BC and introduced the Incipient Jōmon culture, typified by early ceramic cultures such as the Ōdai Yamamoto I Site.[9]

Frequency in Japan

Frequency in samples of Japanese from various regions:[6]

History

Haplogroup C1a1 (M8) is mostly unique to the Japanese archipelago, and its migration route is enigmatic.

Mitsuru Sakitani said that C1a1's ancestral type reached Japan over the Korean Peninsula.[13] Although its age of arrival is unknown, the spread of the existing subgroup is about 12,000 years ago, which is almost consistent with the start of the Jōmon period. That is, Haplogroup C1a1 belong to the group that brought the Jōmon culture to Japan from Northeast Asia. C1a1 is linked to "Tungusic-like people", which arrived in the Jōmon period archipelago from Northeast Asia in about 6,000 BC and introduced the Incipient Jōmon culture, typified by early ceramic cultures such as the Ōdai Yamamoto I Site. This Jōmon period population coexisted with other unrelated groups in Jōmon period Japan and also mixed with these groups until being predominantly replaced by the arriving Yayoi people.[9]

C1a1 is estimated to be one of the common haplogroups among the Jōmon people (about 30%).[14]

References
  1. Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB et al. (July 2010). "Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia". J. Hum. Genet. 55 (7): 428–35. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. PMID 20448651.
  2. G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
  3. Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  4. https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/C;name=C-M105
  5. Michael F Hammer; Tatiana M Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai (2006). “Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes”. Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47 - 58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  6. Nakahori, Yutaka; Iwamoto, Teruaki; Yamauchi, Aiko; Ewis, Ashraf A.; Shinka, Toshikatsu; Sato, Youichi (2014). "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males". Anthropological Science. 122 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1537/ase.140709. ISSN 0918-7960.
  7. Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: A genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
  8. YFull Haplogroup YTree v6.02 at 02 April 2018
  9. Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020/ed). "Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14. ISSN 2513-843X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, T; Matsuo, M; Marzuki, S; Omoto, K; Horai, S (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. PMID 14997363.
  11. Nonaka I, Minaguchi K, Takezaki N (July 2007). "Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups in the Japanese population and their relationship to 16 Y-STR polymorphisms". Ann. Hum. Genet. 71 (Pt 4): 480–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. PMID 17274803.
  12. Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." Anthropological Science Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014. DOI: 10.1537/ase.140709
  13. 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年）(in Japanese)
  14. Ohashi, Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Hitomi, Yuki; Sawai, Hiromi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Naka, Izumi; Watanabe, Yusuke (2019-06-17). "Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8556. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8556W. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6572846. PMID 31209235.
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R
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