Heinrich Zimmer

Heinrich Robert Zimmer (6 December 1890 – 20 March 1943) was a German Indologist and linguist, as well as a historian of South Asian art, most known for his works, Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization and Philosophies of India. He was the most important German scholar in Indian Philology after Max Müller (1823-1900).[1] In 2010, a "Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Indian Philosophy and Intellectual History" was inaugurated at Heidelberg University.[2]

This article is about the Indologist (1890–1943). For the Celticist and Indologist (1851–1910), see Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist).
Heinrich Zimmer
Heinrich Zimmer (1933)
Born6 December 1890
Greifswald, German Empire
Died20 March 1943 (age 52)
New Rochelle, New York, USA
OccupationAcademic, Indologist, linguist, and Historian of South Asian art

Early life and education

He was born in Greifswald, Germany. Zimmer began studying Sanskrit and linguistics at the University of Berlin in 1909. He earned his doctorate in 1914 with a thesis entitled Studien zur Geschichte der Gotras and directed by Heinrich Lüders.

He completed his Ph.D. in philology and comparative linguistics in 1914 at the University of Berlin.[3]

Career

Between 1920-24 he lectured at the University of Greifswald, moving to Heidelberg University to fill the Chair of Indian Philology (1924-1938).[1]

In 1938 he was dismissed by the Nazis, and he emigrated to England where between 1939-40 he taught at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1940 he moved to New Rochelle, New York where he eventually accepted a Visiting Lecturer position in Philosophy at Columbia University. Here, Joseph Campbell, who was then working on his first book, A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) attended his lectures. The two men became good friends.

Zimmer died unexpectedly of pneumonia in 1943, two years after his arrival in the United States. According to Joseph Campbell, "Zimmer was at the opening of what would have been the most productive period of his career. . . hardly had he begun to find his stride, however, when, suddenly stricken, he passed from full career to his death within seven days." [4] After Zimmer's death, Campbell was given the task of editing and posthumously publishing Zimmer's papers, which he did over the next 12 years, turning Zimmer's lecture notes into four books, in the Bollingen Series: Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization, Philosophies of India, The Art of Indian Asia, and The King and the Corpse, which in turn became Zimmer's lasting legacy.[5]

Work

Zimmer's method was to examine religious images using their sacred significance as a key to their psychic transformation. His use of (Indian) philosophy and religious history to interpret art was at odds with traditional scholarship. His vast knowledge of Hindu mythology and philosophy (particularly Puranic and Tantric works) gave him insights into the art, insights that were appreciated by Joseph Campbell among others. Campbell edited many of Zimmer's writings after his death. In the foreword to Zimmer's book, Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India, Campbell makes reference to a memorial to Heinrich Zimmer, which was read at the New York Oriental Club meeting in the spring of 1949: “Dr. Zimmer stood alone, forming a class by himself, not only for the wide range of subjects he was proficient in, but also for his unique genius of interpretation. . . Zimmer strove to understand both Eastern and Western ideas from Universal conceptions lying at the root of spiritual and psychological developments everywhere."[6] The psychiatrist Carl Jung also developed a long-standing relationship with Zimmer, and incidentally edited a volume of Zimmer's entitled Der Weg zum Selbst (The Way to the Self). The two men first met in 1932, after which Zimmer, along with Richard Wilhelm, became one of the few male friends of Jung.

Zimmer is credited by many for the popularizing of South Asian art in the West, as he was the first to identify the radical difference between Western classical and Indian art.[7]

Personal life

In 1929 he married Christiane, daughter of Austrian novelist Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Zimmer died of pneumonia in New Rochelle, New York, on March 20, 1943.

Quotes

On all levels there are rituals capable of transforming man. But it is everywhere the tradition and trend to rank the spiritual, sublime practices above the sensual and magical ones, since the general course of cultural development has favored the spiritual element over the material and feminine. This development has taken place under the predominance of the male principle. But with the cult of the Great Goddess in late Hinduism, the archaic heritage of sensual earth-bound rites rises once again overwhelmingly to the zenith."[8]

Works
  • Kunstform und Yoga im Indischen Kultbild (Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India [1926];Translated and edited by Gerald Chapple, James B. Lawson and J. Michael McKnight [1984])
  • Maya: Der Indische Mythos. (1936)
  • Der Weg zum Selbst (The Way to the Self) (1944)
  • Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1946)
  • Hindu Medicine.Edited by Ludwig Edelstein.(1948)
  • The King and the Corpse: Tales of the Soul's Conquest of Evil. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1948)
  • Philosophies of India. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1953). ISBN 0-691-01758-1.
  • The Art of Indian Asia, its Mythology and Transformations. Completed and edited by Joseph Campbell. (1955)
  • Heinrich Zimmer : Coming Into His Own. Edited by Margaret H Case. (1994)

References
  1. Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Philosophy and Intellectual History Heidelberg University.
  2. "India's Ambassador inaugurates Heinrich Zimmer Chair". Heidelberg University website. Jun 25, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29.
  3. Case, Margaret H. (2014-07-14). Heinrich Zimmer: Coming into His Own. ISBN 9781400863761.
  4. Zimmer, Heinrich (1973). Campbell, Joseph (ed.). Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. USA: Princeton University Press. p. v Editor's Foreword. ISBN 9788120807518.
  5. "Heinrich Zimmer". Britannica.com.
  6. Zimmer, Heinrich (1990). Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India (First Princeton paperback printing ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. foreword. ISBN 0691072892.
  7. "Works by Heinrich Zimmer, Completed and Edited by Joseph Campbell". Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 2010-07-20.
  8. Zimmer, Heinrich. The Indian World Mother, [1938] pp. 91–92; from The Mystic Vision: Papers from The Eranos Yearbooks, Bollingen Series XXX, 6. Princeton University Press, 1968, Edited by Joseph Campbell and translated by Ralph Manheim.

Further reading
  • Case, Margaret H. (1994). Heinrich Zimmer: coming into his own. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03337-4.
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