Helen Garner

Helen Garner (née Ford,[1] born 1942) is an Australian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist. Garner's first novel, Monkey Grip, published in 1977, immediately established her as an original voice on the Australian literary scene–it is now widely considered a classic.[2] She has a reputation for incorporating and adapting her personal experiences in her fiction, something that has brought her widespread attention, particularly with her novels, Monkey Grip and The Spare Room (2008).

Helen Garner
Garner at Adelaide Writers' Week
3 March 2015
BornHelen Ford
(1942-11-07) 7 November 1942
Geelong, Victoria, Australia
OccupationNovelist, short story writer, journalist
NationalityAustralian
EducationUniversity of Melbourne
Notable worksMonkey Grip
The First Stone
Joe Cinque’s Consolation
This House of Grief
SpouseBill Garner (1967–1971)
Jean-Jacques Portail (1980–85)
Murray Bail (1992–2000)
ChildrenAlice Garner

Throughout her career, Garner has written both fiction and non-fiction. She attracted controversy with her book The First Stone (1995) about a sexual-harassment scandal in a university college. She has also written for film and theatre, and has consistently won awards for her work, including the Walkley Award for a 1993 Time Magazine report. Adaptations of two of her works have appeared as feature films: her debut novel Monkey Grip and her true-crime book Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004) – the former released in 1982 and the latter in 2016.

Garner's works have covered a broad range of themes and subject matter. She has thrice written true-crime books: first with The First Stone, about the aftermath of a sexual-harassment scandal at a university, followed by Joe Cinque's Consolation, a journalistic novel about the court proceedings involving a young man who died at the hands of his girlfriend, which won the Ned Kelly Award for Best Crime Book, and again in 2014 with This House of Grief, about Robert Farquharson, a man who drove his children into a dam.[3][4] The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) site has characterised her as one of Australia's "most important and admired writers", while The Guardian referred to her as "Australia's greatest living writer".[5][6]

Early life
Janet Clarke Hall, where Garner resided in the 1960s as a student of the University of Melbourne

Garner was born Helen Ford to Bruce and Gwen Ford (née Gadsden)[7] in Geelong, Victoria,[8] the eldest of six children.[9] Her sister Catherine Ford is also a writer of fiction. Garner described her upbringing as being in an "ordinary Australian home – not many books and not much talk".[10]

Garner attended Manifold Heights State School, Ocean Grove State School and then The Hermitage in Geelong, where she was the head prefect and dux.[7]:14 She left Geelong after her high school graduation at the age of 18 to study at the University of Melbourne,[11] residing at Janet Clarke Hall,[12] and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in English and French.[9] One of her teachers at the University of Melbourne was the poet Vincent Buckley.[13]

Between 1966 and 1972, Garner worked as a teacher at various Victorian high schools. In 1967, she also travelled overseas and met Bill Garner, whom she married in 1968 on their return to Australia, aged 25.[9] Her only child, the actor, musician and writer Alice Garner, was born in 1969. Garner's first marriage ended in 1971.[9]

In 1972, Garner was sacked by the Victorian Department of Education for "giving an unscheduled sex education lesson to her 13-year-old students at Fitzroy High School".[9] She had written an essay about the lesson and published it under a pen name in The Digger, a countercultural Melbourne-based magazine. Although the October 1972 article was considered "unsolicited", Garner wrote that she had intended to give a lesson on Ancient Greece, but the textbooks given to her students had been defaced with sexually explicit drawings.[14] As a result of those drawings, the class had posed questions to Garner relating to sex, and she decided to allow an uninhibited discussion based around their questions which, as their teacher, she vowed to answer accurately.

When her identity was revealed, she was called into the Victorian Department of Education and dismissed. The case was widely publicised in Melbourne, bringing Garner a degree of notoriety. Members of the Victorian Secondary Teachers Association went on strike in protest at the Deputy Director of Secondary Education's decision to fire Garner.[15][16] Aside from her writing for The Digger, she also wrote articles for the Melbourne feminist newspaper Vashti's Voice.[17] Garner appeared in the 1975 independent film Pure Shit, which focuses on four drug addicts searching for heroin in Melbourne.

Career

Early career and fiction writing

Garner came to prominence at a time when Australian writers were relatively few in number, and Australian women writers were, by some, considered a novelty. Australian academic and writer, Kerryn Goldsworthy, writes that "From the beginning of her writing career Garner was regarded as, and frequently called, a stylist, a realist, and a feminist".[18]

Garner wrote most of Monkey Grip in the Latrobe Reading Room of the State Library of Victoria in the mid 1970s.

Her first novel, Monkey Grip (1977), relates the lives of a group of fledgeling artists, single parents, drug addicts and welfare recipients living in Melbourne share-houses. In particular focus is the increasingly co-dependent relationship between single-mother Nora and Javo, a flaky junkie who Nora is in love with, despite him repeatedly drifting in and out of her life. The novel, set in inner-city Melbourne suburbs Fitzroy and Carlton, was written in the domed Reading Room at the State Library of Victoria, after Garner's teaching dismissal.[19][20] Years later she stated that she had adapted it directly from her personal diaries and based the relationship between Nora and Javo on a relationship she had with a man at the time.[21] Other peripheral characters in the book were based on people in Garner's own social circle from Melbourne share-houses. Monkey Grip was very successful: it won the National Book Council Award in 1978 and was adapted into a film in 1982.[8]

Goldsworthy suggests that the success of Monkey Grip may well have helped revive the careers of two older but largely ignored Australian women writers, Jessica Anderson and Thea Astley.[22] Thea Astley wrote of the novel that "I am filled with envy by someone like Helen Garner for instance. I re-read Monkey Grip a while ago and it's even better second time through".[23] Critics have retrospectively applied the term Grunge Lit to describe Monkey Grip, citing its depiction of urban life and social realism as being key aspects of later works in the subgenre.[24]

In subsequent books, she has continued to adapt her personal experiences. Her later novels are: The Children's Bach (1984) and Cosmo Cosmolino (1992). In 2008 she returned to fiction writing with the publication of The Spare Room, a fictional treatment of caring for a dying cancer patient, based on the illness and death of Garner's friend Jenya Osborne.[25] She has also published several short story collections: Honour & Other People's Children: two stories (1980), Postcards from Surfers (1985) and My Hard Heart: Selected Fictions (1998).

In 1986, Australian academic and critic, Don Anderson, wrote of The Children's Bach: "There are four perfect short novels in the English language. They are, in chronological order, Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Garner's The Children's Bach."[26] The Australian composer Andrew Schultz wrote an opera of the same name which premiered in 2008.

Garner said, in 1985, that writing novels was like "trying to make a patchwork quilt look seamless. A novel is made up of scraps of our own lives and bits of other people's, and things we think of in the middle of the night and whole notebooks full of randomly collected details".[27] In an interview in 1999, she said that "My initial reason for writing is that I need to shape things so I can make them bearable or comprehensible to myself. It's my way of making sense of things that I've lived and seen other people live, things that I'm afraid of, or that I long for".[28]

Not all critics have liked Garner's work. Goldsworthy writes that "It is certainly the case that Garner is someone whose work elicits strong feelings ... and people who dislike her work are profoundly irritated by those who think she is one of the best writers in the country".[29] Novelist and reviewer, Peter Corris wrote in his review of Monkey Grip that Garner "has published her private journal rather than written a novel" while Peter Pierce wrote in Meanjin of Honour and Other People's Children that Garner "talks dirty and passes it off as realism".[30] Goldsworthy suggests that these two statements imply that she is not really a writer. Craven, though, argues that her novella, The Children's Bach, "should put paid to the myth of Helen Garner as a mere literalist or reporter",[31] arguing, in fact, that it "is light years away from any sprawling-tell-it-all naturalism, [that] it is concentrated realism of extraordinary formal polish and the amount of tonal variation which it gets from its seemingly simple plot is multifoliate to the point of being awesome".[32]

Screen writing

She has written three screenplays: Monkey Grip (1982), written with and directed by Ken Cameron; Two Friends (1986), directed by Jane Campion for TV; and The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992), directed by Gillian Armstrong. The relationship between two characters in The Last Days of Chez Nous was loosely inspired by the extramarital affair Garner's second husband had with her sister.[33]

Critic Peter Craven writes that "Two Friends is arguably the most accomplished piece of screenwriting the country has seen and it is characterised by a total lack of condescension towards the teenage girls at its centre".[34]

Non-fiction writing
Garner is prepared to reveal intimate, rather shameful things. Things most of us wouldn’t cough up with a gun to our head.

Kate Legge, The Australian, 2008[35]

Garner has written non-fiction from the beginning of her career as a writer. In 1972 she was fired from her teaching job after publishing in The Digger, a counter-culture magazine, an anonymous account of frank and extended discussions she had with her students about sexuality and sexual activities. She wrote for this magazine from 1972 to 1974.[9] In 1993, she won a Walkley Award for her TIME magazine account of a murder trial following the death of a toddler at the hands of his stepfather.

One of her most famous and controversial books is The First Stone (1995), an account of a 1992 sexual harassment scandal at Ormond College. It was a best-seller in Australia[36] but also attracted considerable criticism. Garner had received vicious hate-mail from women in Australia who accused her of derailing the feminist debate, and closing ranks with the abuser. She has since commented: "Sometimes I would have these kind of panic attacks caused by the hostility that some people showed towards me. I guess I knew there was going to be trouble, but the vitriolic nature of it gave me a bit of a shock".[37]

Garner's other non-fiction books are: True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction (1996), The Feel of Steel (2001), Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004) and This House of Grief – The Story of a Murder Trial (2014). She also contributed to La Mama, the Story of a Theatre (1988). Joe Cinque's Consolation details a notorious murder case in Canberra involving a law student, Anu Singh, who drugged and murdered her boyfriend. It was adapted into a feature film in 2016. The film had premiers at both the Melbourne Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was generally well-received although detractors felt that the absence of Garner's voice from the story impacted the film–James Robert Douglas, writing for The Guardian, stated the film adaptation contained the "bones but not the wisdom of Garner's book".[38]

Themes
I understand Australia. I fit in here. My work has never, until recently, gone outside Australia. My publishers used to mind that a lot more than I did. I felt I was writing for people here. I never wanted to write about Australia as a spectacle for people elsewhere. I think a lot of writers here wrote about Australia as if it were a phenomenon. I never felt the urge or ability to do that."

– Helen Garner on grounding her work in Australia, 2017[39]

Garner has covered a broad range of themes in her work, ranging from feminism, love, loss, grief, ageing, illness, death, murder, betrayal, addiction and the duality of the human psyche, particularly in manifestations of "good" and "evil".[40] Her earliest work, Monkey Grip, is well known for its untamed depiction of heroin addiction. Its central character, a single mother, falls in love with an addict in an inner-city bohemian Melbourne suburb, dotted with junkies and share houses, during the 1970s. Drug addiction, however, was not a subject Garner would revisit, aside from touching on recreational drug use among university students in Joe Cinque's Consolation. However, Monkey Grip did establish Garner's trademark theme of obsession, particularly in conjunction with love and sexuality–enmeshed with substance abuse mirroring the addiction of romantic love.[41]

Some of her novels address "sexual desire and the family",[42] exploring "the relationship between sexual behaviour and social organisation; the anarchic nature of desire and the orderly force of the institution of 'family'; the similarities and differences between collective households and nuclear families; the significance and the language of housework; [and] the idea of 'the house' as image, symbol, site and peace."[43] Garner has become known for her depiction of Australian life, both in the city and rural regions–she was born in Geelong and spent much of her life in Melbourne, approximately 75 kilometres (46 miles) from her hometown. Anne Myers, in an article written for The Sydney Morning Herald, recognised Garner's portrayals of the location of Melbourne as essential to Monkey Grip itself as any character: "Garner was writing Melbourne into the literary landscape and for the first time I saw my own world reflected back at me".[44]

Joe Cinque's Consolation, This House of Grief and to a lesser extent The First Stone, were commentaries on the justice system in Australia, how (and if) it adequately responds to crime, as well as the question of culpability.

Craven comments that Garner is "always an extremely accurate writer in terms of the emotional states she depicts".[45] Many of her books touch upon the inexplicable, irrational, and dark side to human behaviour–as well as Garner's attempts to understand human behaviour and sociology, which often eludes the average Australian and wider society, as well as the Australian justice system. In The Fate of The First Stone, Garner writes that she believes most people would prefer to keep incomprehensible stories of extreme behaviour at "arm's length" because it is "more comfortable, easier".[46] Peter Craven wrote that Garner is fearless in her honesty: "she shows us what she does not know or is too blind to see: she shows us the poverty of the self in the face of impercipience caused by sentiment or anger, prejudice, ignorance or dumb incapacity." He further commented on her ability to sometimes identify with the story's perceived villain, "[the] transgressor who at some level shares our own fingerprints".[47] Similarly, various critics and journalists have highlighted Garner's portrayal of "ordinary people" caught up in extraordinary experiences, or the everyday person who, "under life's unbearable pressures", has "surrendered to their darker selves".[48][49] James Wood, in a profile on Garner published in The New Yorker, stated that her work is absorbed in issues of gender and class, which he writes are "not categories so much as structures of feeling, variously argued over, enjoyed, endured, and escaped".[50]

Personal life

After her marriage to Bill Garner ended, Garner married two more times: to Jean-Jacques Portail (1980–85) and Australian writer Murray Bail (born 1941), from whom she separated in the late 1990s. She is no longer married.[25] In her work, she has been open about her struggle with depression and her two abortions.[50]

She has one child, Alice Garner (b. 1969), from her marriage to Bill Garner. Alice Garner is also an author, as well as a musician, teacher and historian.

In 2003, a portrait of Garner, titled True Stories, painted by Jenny Sages, was a finalist in the Archibald Prize.[51]

Bibliography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Novels

Short story collections

Screenplays

Non-fiction

Autobiographies
  • Yellow Notebook: Diaries Volume I 1978–1987 (2019)
  • One Day I'll Remember This: Diaries 1987–1995 (2020)

Essays and reporting

Awards and nominations

Critical studies and reviews
  • Plunkett, Felicity (September 2014). "Our terrible projections : Helen Garner and the corridors of empathy". Australian Book Review. 364: 15–17. Review of This House of Grief.

Notes
  1. Garner, Helen (2016). Everywhere I Look. Text Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-925-35536-9.
  2. "The 100 Stories That Shaped The World". BBC. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  3. "True crime, true class". The Guardian. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  4. "Everywhere I Look by Helen Garner". The Guardian. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  5. "This House of Grief by Helen Garner review – a triumph by one of Australia's greatest writers". The Guardian. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  6. "Helen Garner: A Writing Life". Abc.net.au. 5 May 2017.
  7. Brennan, Bernadette (2017). A Writing Life: Helen Garner and Her Work. Text Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-925-41039-6.
  8. "Helen Garner Brief Biography". Perry Middlemiss, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
  9. Goldsworthy (1996) p. ix
  10. Australia's Greatest Books (Monkey Grip). Angus & Robertson. 1985. pp. 358. ISBN 0-207-14961-5.
  11. Wyndham (2006)
  12. Garner (1995) p. 164
  13. Brennan, Bernadette (2017). A Writing Life: Helen Garner and Her Work. Text Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-925-41039-6.
  14. "Why does the women get all the pain?". The Digger (Melbourne). October 1972.
  15. Garner, Helen (2017). True Stories: The Collected Short Non-Fiction. Text Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-925-62607-0.
  16. Frazer, Phillip (7 January 2017). "Of The Digger, the counter-culture and Helen Garner". Daily Review. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  17. Garner, Helen (2020). The First Stone: Some Questions About Sex and Power (25th Anniversary). Picador. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-760-78488-1.
  18. Goldsworthy (1996) p. 1
  19. "Philanthropic people powering the State Library of Victoria". The Australian. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  20. Garner, Helen (2002). "I".
  21. The Best Australian Essays. Black Inc. 2002. p. 149. ISBN 9781863951876.
  22. Goldsworthy (1996) p. 14
  23. Goldsworthy (1996) p. 15
  24. Vernay, Jean-François, "Grunge Fiction", The Literary Encyclopedia, 6 November 2008, accessed 9 September 2009
  25. Legge, Kate (29 March 2008). "Truly Helen". The Australian. News Limited. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  26. "A master is rescued", The National Times, 20–26 June 1986, p. 34
  27. cited by McPhee (2001) pp. 244–245
  28. cited by Grenville and Woolfe (2001) p. 71
  29. Goldsworthy (1996) p. 20
  30. both cited by Goldsworthy (1996) p. 18–19
  31. Craven (1985) p. 209
  32. Craven (1985) p. 213
  33. "Truly Helen". The Australian. 29 March 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  34. Craven (1985) p. 9
  35. "Truly Helen". 29 March 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  36. "Just Making a Pass?". The New York Times. 20 April 1997. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  37. "Helen incites harassment". The Independent. 21 August 1997. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  38. "The biggest problem with Joe Cinque's Consolation? Helen Garner didn't make it". The Guardian. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  39. "Helen Garner: 'I used to feel spiteful because I never won prizes, now I can die happy'". The Guardian. 30 December 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  40. "Helen Garner visits the Dark Side of Humanity". Abc.net.au. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  41. "The cabbage juice cure". The Guardian. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  42. "AbeBooks: Australia's Best Authors". Abe Books. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  43. Goldsworthy (1996) p. 28
  44. "Revisiting chapters of the heart". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  45. Craven (1985) p. 210
  46. Garner, Helen (2017). True Stories: The Collected Short Non-Fiction. Text Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-925-62607-0.
  47. Craven, Peter (28 March 2016). "Helen Garner's essays range from Rosie Batty to murder and ageing". The Australian. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  48. "Into the darkness". The Australian. 25–26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  49. "The darkness in every one of us". The Monthly. July 2015.
  50. Wood, James (12 December 2016). "Helen Garner's Savage Self-Scrutiny". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  51. "True Stories - Helen Garner". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  52. "National Library of Australia – Helen Garner – Postcards from Surfers". NLA Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  53. "My Hard Heart: Selected Fictions". NLA Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  54. https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/stories--true-stories-review-the-joys-of-heartbreak-and-hope-with-helen-garner-20171207-h00g4e.html
  55. "True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction". NLA Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  56. "The Feel of Steel". NLA Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  57. https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/stories--true-stories-review-the-joys-of-heartbreak-and-hope-with-helen-garner-20171207-h00g4e.html
  58. "1987 Winners Television". AACTA. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  59. "Shortlisted 1993". Literary Awards. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  60. "The Walkley Awards". The Walkleys. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  61. "Kibble Literary Award". Australian National University. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  62. "Joe Cinque's Consolation : Film tie-in". Pan MacMillan. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  63. "Ned Kelly Awards". Australian Crime Fiction Database. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
  64. "Garner wins Vic Premier's literary prize". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  65. "Garner wins Qld Premier's literary award". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  66. "Writer Helen Garner". Melbourne Writers Festival. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  67. "Australian Crime Writers – 2015 Ned Kelly Award Winners". Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  68. "Announcing the 2015 Stella Prize longlist". Stella Prize. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  69. "Q&A with Helen Garner 27 April 2014". Abia Awards. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  70. "NSW Premier's Awards" (PDF). SL Magazine. 8 (4): 35. Summer 2015.
  71. "Helen Garner learns of $207,000 literary prize win after checking junk email". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  72. "Helen Garner". Windham–Campbell Literature Prize. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  73. "Helen Garner Wins WA Premier's Prize". Text Publishing. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  74. "Shortlist Announced For The 2017 INDIE Book Awards 16 January 2017". Indie Book Awards. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  75. "Melbourne Prize for Literature". Melbourne Prize Trust. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  76. "Garner honoured for Lifetime Achievement in Literature". Books+Publishing. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  77. "ABIA 2020 shortlists announced". Books+Publishing. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

References
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