Hepatic arterial infusion

Hepatic Arterial Infusion (HAI) is a medical procedure that delivers chemotherapy directly to the liver. The procedure, mostly used in combination with systemic chemotherapy, plays a role in the treatment of liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).[1] Although surgical resection remains the standard of care for these liver metastases, majority of patients have lesions that are unresectable. The liver derives its blood supply from two sources – via the hepatic arterial circulation and the portal circulation. Liver metastases get most of their blood supply primarily from the hepatic artery, whereas the normal liver cells get their blood supply from the portal circulation.[2] This allows for chemotherapeutic drugs to be delivered directly to the cancer cells if infused into the hepatic artery. Multiple trials have compared HAI (with various chemotherapeutic agents) to systemic chemotherapy. Compared to systemic Fluoropyrimidine, HAI with Floxuridine (FUDR) had an increased response, but there was no overall increase in patient survival.[3][4][5][6][7] Efforts have been made to increase the efficacy and safety of HAI chemotherapy: when a combination of FUDR and dexamethasone was used for HAI, both response rate and median survival increased.[8] In another study, a combination of FUDR and leucovorin for HAI increased the response rate, and reduced the biliary toxicity seen with the use of FUDR alone.[9] Considering improvements in the surgical placement of the HAI pump and studies showing promising results when HAI therapy is used together with systemic oxaliplatin or irinotecan,[10][11] there is once again an increased interest in the role of HAI as a treatment option in patients with cancer, who have unresectable CRC liver metastases. However, studies recommend that this treatment modality be restricted to centers with expertise in the surgical placement of these pumps, and the technical aspects of localized chemotherapy.

Hepatic arterial infusion
Specialtyoncology

Procedure

Before the placement of the HAI pump, the patients undergo an arteriogram to outline the blood supply of the liver and to identify any anatomical anomalies. The procedure begins with an exploratory laparotomy to confirm the unresectable nature of the tumor, and then the gallbladder is removed by performing a cholecystectomy. This is done to prevent treatment induced cholecystitis. The distal gastroduodenal artery, the right gastric artery, and small branches supplying the stomach and duodenum are ligated. This total devascularization of the distal stomach and proximal duodenum minimizes the risk of any extra hepatic perfusion.[12] The catheter is placed at the junction of the proper and common hepatic arteries, and threaded through the gastroduodenal (mostly), or celiac artery. The catheter is fixed in this position and the pump is placed in a subcutaneous pocket. Finally, to confirm adequate placement and hepatic perfusion, and to rule out extrahepatic perfusion, a dye (fluorescein or methylene blue) is injected into the pump. After the procedure and before starting the HAI based treatment, a technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin scan is performed to again confirm adequate hepatic perfusion and no misperfusion outside of the liver.[13]

Complications

The complications of HAI therapy can be divided into those related to the surgical placement of the pump, technical catheter-related complications, and those related to the chemotherapeutic agents used.

Relating to the surgical HAI pump placement, early postoperative complications consist of arterial injury leading to hepatic artery thrombosis, inadequate perfusion of the entire liver due to the inability to identify an accessory hepatic artery, extrahepatic perfusion to the stomach or duodenum, or hematoma formation in the subcutaneous pump pocket. Late complications are more common and include inflammation or ulceration of the stomach or duodenum, and pump pocket infection.

The most common catheter related complications include displacement of the catheter, occlusion of the hepatic artery because of the catheter, and catheter thrombosis.[13] These catheter related complications don’t occur as frequently with increased surgical experience and with improvements in pump design.[14]

The most common toxicities caused by the chemotherapeutic agents were gastrointestinal symptoms, chemical hepatitis, and bone marrow inhibition.[14] It is important to note that the most serious and dose limiting complication of HAI is hepatobiliary toxicity. This occurs more commonly with FUDR than any other chemotherapeutic agent.[15] Patients undergoing HAI therapy therefore have regular liver function tests to monitor any damage to the liver. As previously mentioned, studies have been carried out to come up with treatment algorithms to minimize this serious side effect. It has been shown that adding leucovorin and FUDR for infusion through the pump not only reduces the biliary toxicity of the drug, but also increases the response rate.[9] However, biliary sclerosis is not seen with HAI using 5-FU.[16] 5-FU is associated with an increased risk of myelosuppression. Logically, it would make sense to therefore consider alternating between HAI FUDR and HAI 5-FU.

References
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  2. Breedis C, Young G (September–October 1954). "The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver". The American Journal of Pathology. 30 (5): 969–77. PMC 1942491. PMID 13197542.
  3. Allen-Mersh TG, Earlam S, Fordy C, Abrams K, Houghton J (5 November 1994). "Quality of life and survival with continuous hepatic-artery floxuridine infusion for colorectal liver metastases". The Lancet. 344 (8932): 1255–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90750-1. PMID 7526096.
  4. Chang AE, Schneider PD, Sugarbaker PH, Simpson CO, Culnane MA, Steinberg SM (December 1987). "A prospective randomized trial of regional versus systemic continuous 5-fluorodeoxyuridine chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases". Annals of Surgery. 206 (6): 685–93. doi:10.1097/00000658-198712000-00001. PMC 1493315. PMID 2961314.
  5. Hohn DC, Stagg RJ, Friedman MA, Hannigan Jr JF, Rayner A, Ignoffo RJ, Acord P, Lewis BJ (November 1989). "A randomized trial of continuous intravenous versus hepatic intraarterial floxuridine in patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver: the Northern California Oncology Group trial". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 7 (11): 1646–54. doi:10.1200/JCO.1989.7.11.1646. PMID 2530317.
  6. Kemeny N, Daly J, Reichman B, Geller N, Botet J, Oderman P (1 October 1987). "Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: a randomized trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 107 (4): 459–465. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-459. PMID 2957943.
  7. Martin Jr JK, O'Connell MD, Wieand HS, Fitzgibbons Jr MD, Mailliard MD (August 1990). "From Colorectal Cancer". Arch Surg. 125 (8): 1022–7. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410200086013. PMID 2143063.
  8. Kemeny N, Seiter K, Niedzwiecki D, Chapman D, Sigurdson E, Cohen A, Botet J, Oderman P, Murray P (15 January 1992). "A randomized trial of intrahepatic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine with dexamethasone versus fluorodeoxyuridine alone in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer". Cancer. 69 (2): 327–34. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920115)69:2<327::AID-CNCR2820690209>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 1303612.
  9. Kemeny N, Seiter K, Conti JA, Cohen A, Bertino JR, Sigurdson ER, Botet J, Chapman D, Mazumdar M, Budd AJ (15 February 1994). "Hepatic arterial floxuridine and leucovorin for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma". Cancer. 73 (4): 1134–42. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940215)73:4<1134::AID-CNCR2820730403>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 8313315.
  10. Kemeny N, Jarnagin W, Paty P, Gönen M, Schwartz L, Morse M, Leonard G, D’Angelica M, DeMatteo R, Blumgart L, Fong Y (1 August 2005). "Phase I trial of systemic oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy with hepatic arterial infusion in patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (22): 4888–96. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.07.100. PMID 16009951.
  11. Dhir M, Jones HL, Shuai Y, Clifford AK, Perkins S, Steve J, Hogg ME, Choudry MH, Pingpank JF, Holtzman MP, Zeh HJ (1 January 2017). "Hepatic Arterial Infusion in Combination with Modern Systemic Chemotherapy is Associated with Improved Survival Compared with Modern Systemic Chemotherapy Alone in Patients with Isolated Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Case–Control Study". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 24 (1): 150–8. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5418-6. PMID 27431415.
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  16. Barnett KT, Malafa MP (1 December 2001). "Complications of hepatic artery infusion". International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer. 30 (3): 147–60. doi:10.1385/IJGC:30:3:147. PMID 12540027.

 This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document: "Dictionary of Cancer Terms".

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