Hercules (constellation)

Hercules is a constellation named after Hercules, the Roman mythological hero adapted from the Greek hero Heracles. Hercules was one of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. It is the fifth-largest of the modern constellations and is the largest of the 50 which have no stars brighter than apparent magnitude +2.5.

Hercules
Constellation
AbbreviationHer
GenitiveHerculis[1]
Pronunciation/ˈhɜːrkjʊliːz/,
genitive /ˈhɜːrkjʊlɪs/
SymbolismHeracles
Right ascension17h
Declination+30°
QuadrantNQ3
Area1225 sq. deg. (5th)
Main stars14, 22
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		106
Stars with planets15
Stars brighter than 3.00m2
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)9
Brightest starβ Her (Kornephoros) (2.78m)
Messier objects2
Meteor showersTau Herculids
Bordering
constellations		Draco
Boötes
Corona Borealis
Serpens Caput
Ophiuchus
Aquila
Sagitta
Vulpecula
Lyra[1]
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −50°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of July.

Characteristics
The constellation Hercules as it may appear to the naked eye.

Hercules is bordered by Draco to the north; Boötes, Corona Borealis, and Serpens Caput to the east; Ophiuchus to the south; Aquila to the southwest; and Sagitta, Vulpecula, and Lyra to the west. Covering 1225.1 square degrees and 2.970% of the night sky, it ranks fifth among the 88 constellations in size.[2] The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Her'.[3] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 32 segments (illustrated in infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, epoch 2000, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 16h 00m 26.64s and 18h 57m 49.50s, while the declination coordinates are between +3.67° and +51.32°.[4] In mid-northern latitudes, Hercules is best observed from mid-spring until early autumn, culminating at midnight on June 13.[1]

The solar apex is the direction of the Sun's motion with respect to the Local Standard of Rest. This is located within the constellation of Hercules, around coordinates right ascension 18h 00m and declination 30° 00′.[5] The north pole of the supergalactic coordinate system is located within this constellation at right ascension 18h 55m 01s and declination +15° 42′ 32″.[6]

Stars
See also: List of stars in Hercules

Hercules has no first or second magnitude stars. However, it does have several stars above magnitude 4. Alpha Herculis, traditionally called Rasalgethi, is a triple star system, partly resolvable in small amateur telescopes, 359 light-years from Earth. Its common name means "the kneeler's head".[7] The primary is an irregular variable star; it is a bright giant with a minimum magnitude of 4 and a maximum magnitude of 3. It has a diameter of roughly 400 solar diameters.[8] The secondary, a spectroscopic binary that orbits the primary every 3600 years, is a blue-green hued star of magnitude 5.6. Beta Herculis, also called Kornephoros, is the brightest star in Hercules. It is a yellow giant of magnitude 2.8, 148 light-years from Earth; kornephoros means club-bearer.[9] Delta Herculis A is a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a blue-white star of magnitude 3.1, and is 78 light-years from Earth. The optical companion is of magnitude 8.2. Gamma Herculis is also a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a white giant of magnitude 3.8, 195 light-years from Earth. The optical companion, widely separated, is 10th magnitude. Zeta Herculis is a binary star that is becoming divisible in medium-aperture amateur telescopes, as the components widen to their peak in 2025. The system, 35 light-years from Earth, has a period of 34.5 years. The primary is a yellow-tinged star of magnitude 2.9 and the secondary is an orange star of magnitude 5.7.[10]

Hercules hosts further quite bright double stars and binary stars. Kappa Herculis is a double star divisible in small amateur telescopes. The primary is a yellow giant of magnitude 5.0, 388 light-years from Earth; the secondary is an orange giant of magnitude 6.3, 470 light-years from Earth. Rho Herculis is a binary star 402 light-years from Earth, divisible in small amateur telescopes. Both components are blue-green giant stars; the primary is magnitude 4.5 and the secondary is magnitude 5.5. 95 Herculis is a binary star divisible in small telescopes, 470 light-years from Earth. The primary is a silvery giant of magnitude 4.9, and the secondary is an old, reddish giant star of magnitude 5.2. The star HD164669 near the primary may be an optical double. 100 Herculis is a double star easily divisible in small amateur telescopes. Both components are magnitude 5.8 blue-white stars; they are 165 and 230 light-years from Earth.[10]

There are several dimmer variable stars in Hercules. 30 Herculis, also called g Herculis, is a semiregular red giant with a period of 3 months. 361 light-years from Earth, it has a minimum magnitude of 6.3 and a maximum magnitude of 4.3. 68 Herculis, also called u Herculis, is a Beta Lyrae-type eclipsing binary star. 865 light-years from Earth, it has a period of 2 days; its minimum magnitude is 5.4 and its maximum magnitude is 4.7.[10]

Mu Herculis is 27.4 light-years from Earth. The solar apex, i.e., the point on the sky which marks the direction that the Sun is moving in its orbit around the center of the Milky Way, narrowly figures in Hercules,[11] between his more outstretched foot (Omicron Herculis) and Vega (in neighboring Lyra).

Planetary systems

Fifteen stars in Hercules are known to be orbited by extrasolar planets.

Deep-sky objects

AT2018cow, a large astronomical explosion detected on 16 June 2018.[12][13] As of 22 June 2018, this astronomical event has generated a very large amount of interest among astronomers throughout the world[14] and may be, as of 22 June 2018, considered a supernova tentatively named Supernova 2018cow.[15][16]

Hercules contains two bright globular clusters: M13, the brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere, and M92. It also contains the nearly spherical planetary nebula Abell 39. M13 lies between the stars η Her and ζ Her; it is dim, but may be detected by the unaided eye on a very clear night.

M13, visible to both the naked eye and binoculars, is a globular cluster of the 6th magnitude that contains more than 300,000 stars and is 25,200 light-years from Earth. It is also very large, with an apparent diameter of over 0.25 degrees, half the size of the full moon; its physical diameter is more than 100 light-years. Individual stars in M13 are resolvable in a small amateur telescope.[10]

M92 is a globular cluster of magnitude 6.4, 26,000 light-years from earth. It is a Shapley class IV cluster, indicating that it is quite concentrated at the center; it has a very clear nucleus.[17] M92 is visible as a fuzzy star in binoculars, like M13; it is denser and smaller than the more celebrated cluster. The oldest globular cluster known at 14 billion years, its stars are resolvable in a medium-aperture amateur telescope.[10]

NGC 6229 is a dimmer globular cluster, with a magnitude of 9.4, it is the third-brightest globular in the constellation. 100,000 light-years from Earth, it is a Shapley class IV cluster, meaning that it is fairly rich in the center and quite concentrated at the nucleus.[18]

NGC 6210 is a planetary nebula of the 9th magnitude, 4000 light-years from Earth visible as a blue-green elliptical disk in amateur telescopes larger than 75 mm in aperture.[10]

The Hercules Cluster (Abell 2151) is a cluster of galaxies in Hercules.

The Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the universe, is in Hercules.

Visualizations

Traditional
Traditional view of the Hercules constellation highlighting the quadrangle which forms the Keystone asterism.

The traditional visualization imagines α Herculis as Hercules's head; its name, Rasalgethi, literally means "head of the kneeling one". Hercules's left hand then points toward Lyra from his shoulder (δ Herculis), and β Herculis, or Kornephoros ("club-bearer") forms his other shoulder. His narrow waist is formed by ε Herculis and ζ Herculis. Finally, his left leg (with θ Herculis as the knee and ι Herculis the foot) is stepping on Draco's head, the dragon/snake who Hercules has vanquished and perpetually gloats over for eternities.[19]

Keystone asterism
An alternative way to connect the stars of the constellation Hercules, suggested by H.A. Rey. Here, Hercules is shown with his head at the top.
Hercules as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London c.1825. The figure appears upside down in the sky relative to neighbouring constellations. The former constellation of Cerberus is held by Hercules before its stars were part of the constellation.

A common form found in modern star charts uses the quadrangle formed by π Her, η Her, ζ Her and ε Her (known as the "Keystone" asterism) as Hercules's torso.

H.A. Rey

H. A. Rey has suggested an alternative visualization in which the "Keystone" becomes Hercules's head. This quadrangle lies between two very bright stars: Vega in the constellation Lyra and α CrB (Alphecca) in the constellation Corona Borealis. The hero's right leg contains two bright stars of the third magnitude: α Her (Rasalgethi) and δ Her (Sarin). The latter is the right knee. The hero's left leg contains dimmer stars of the fourth magnitude which do not have Bayer designations but which do have Flamsteed numbers. The star β Her belongs to the hero's outstretched right hand, and is also called Kornephoros.

History

According to Gavin White, the Greek constellation of Hercules is a distorted version of the Babylonian constellation known as the "Standing Gods" (MUL.DINGIR.GUB.BA.MESH). White argues that this figure was, like the similarly named "Sitting Gods", depicted as a man with a serpent's body instead of legs (the serpent element now being represented on the Greek star map by the figure of Draco that Hercules crushes beneath his feet). He further argues that the original name of Hercules – the 'Kneeler' (see below) – is a conflation of the two Babylonian constellations of the Sitting and Standing Gods.[20]

The earliest Greek references to the constellation do not refer to it as Hercules. Aratus describes it as follows:

Right there in its [Draco's] orbit wheels a Phantom form, like to a man that strives at a task. That sign no man knows how to read clearly, nor what task he is bent, but men simply call him On His Knees [Ἐγγόνασιν "the Kneeler"].[21]

Now that Phantom, that toils on his knees, seems to sit on bended knee, and from both his shoulders his hands are upraised and stretch, one this way, one that, a fathom's length. Over the middle of the head of the crooked Dragon, he has the tip of his right foot. Here too that Crown [Corona], which glorious Dionysus set to be memorial of the dead Ariadne, wheels beneath the back of the toil-spent Phantom. To the Phantom’s back the Crown is near, but by his head mark near at hand the head of Ophiuchus [...] Yonder, too, is the tiny Tortoise, which, while still beside his cradle, Hermes pierced for strings and bade it be called the Lyre [Lyra]: and he brought it into heaven and set it in front of the unknown Phantom. That Croucher on his Knees comes near the Lyre with his left knee, but the top of the Bird’s head wheels on the other side, and between the Bird’s head and the Phantom’s knee is enstarred the Lyre.[22]

The story connecting Hercules with the constellation is recounted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus:

On his way back to Mycenae from Iberia having obtained the Cattle of Geryon as his tenth labour Heracles came to Liguria in North-Western Italy where he engaged in battle with two giants, Albion and Bergion or Dercynus. The opponents were strong; Hercules was in a difficult position so he prayed to his father Zeus for help. With the aegis of Zeus, Heracles won the battle. It was this kneeling position of Heracles when prayed to his father Zeus that gave the name "the Kneeler".[23] and Hyginus[24]

Hercules is also sometimes associated with Gilgamesh, a Sumerian mythological hero.[10]

Equivalents

In Chinese astronomy, the stars that correspond to Hercules are located in two areas: the Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣, Zǐ Wēi Yuán) and the Heavenly Market enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán).

Arab translators of Ptolemy named it in Arabic: الرقيس‎, romanized: al-raqis, lit. 'the player' (not to be confused with Arabic: الراقص‎, romanized: al-rāqiṣ, lit. 'the trotting (camel), the dancing one'), the name for the star Mu Draconis.[25][26] Hence its Swahili name Rakisi.

References
  1. Thompson, Robert Bruce; Fritchman, Barbara (2007). Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 256–63. ISBN 978-0-596-52685-6.
  2. Ridpath, Ian. "Constellations: Andromeda–Indus". Star Tales. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  3. Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations". Popular Astronomy. Vol. 30. p. 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.
  4. "Hercules, Constellation Boundary". The Constellations. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  5. Karttunen, Hannu; Kröger, Pekka; Oja, Heikki; Poutanen, Markku; Donner, Karl J., eds. (2013). "The Milky Way". Fundamental Astronomy (3rd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 392. ISBN 978-3662032152.
  6. Darling, David. "supergalactic plane". Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  7. Kaler, Jim (4 May 2007). "Rasalgethi". STARS, University of Illinois. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  8. Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (December 2013), "The Age and Mass of the α Herculis Triple-star System from a MESA Grid of Rotating Stars with 1.3 <= M/M ⊙ <= 8.0", The Astronomical Journal, 146 (6): 13, arXiv:1308.1632, Bibcode:2013AJ....146..148M, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148, S2CID 117872505, 148.
  9. Kaler, Jim. "Kornephoros". STARS, University of Illinois. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  10. Ridpath, Ian; Tirion, Wil (2001), Stars and Planets Guide, Princeton University Press, pp. 154–156, ISBN 0-691-08913-2
  11. Struve, Otto; Lynds, Beverly; Pillans, Helen (1959). Elementary Astronomy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 150.
  12. Smartt, S.J.; et al. (17 June 2018). "ATLAS18qqn (AT2018cow) - a bright transient spatially coincident with CGCG 137-068 (60 Mpc)". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  13. Crane, Leah (21 June 2018). "We've just seen a huge space explosion and don't know what it is". New Scientist. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  14. Staff (22 June 2018). "The Astronomer's Telegram - Main Page (22 June 2018)". The Astronomer's Telegram. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  15. Bishop, David (22 June 2018). "Latest SuperNovae". RochesterAstronomy.org. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  16. Bishop, David (22 June 2018). "Supernovae 2018cow in CGCG 137-068". RochesterAstronomy.org. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  17. Levy, David H. (2005). Deep Sky Objects. Prometheus Books. p. 150. ISBN 1-59102-361-0.
  18. Levy, David H. (2005). Deep Sky Objects. Prometheus Books. p. 154. ISBN 1-59102-361-0.
  19. Chartrand III, Mark R. (1983). Skyguide: A Field Guide for Amateur Astronomers. p. 150. ISBN 0-307-13667-1.
  20. Babylonian Star-lore by Gavin White, Solaria Pub[-0[-[], 2008, pp. 199ff
  21. "Ἐγγόνασιν (ἐν γόνασιν), Arat. 66, 669, Gal. 9. 936, etc." Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford. Clarendon Press, 1940.
  22. Aratus Phaenomena, trans. Mair, A. W. & G. R. Loeb Classical Library Volume 129. London: William Heinemann, 1921.
  23. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i. 41
  24. Hyginus, Astronomica Part 1, 6. The kneeler: Poet. Astr. ii. 6
  25. Kunitzsch, P.; Smart, T. (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  26. Allen, R. H. (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (rep. ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-486-21079-7.

Further reading
  • H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them. Enlarged World-Wide Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. ISBN 0-395-24830-2.
  • Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0-00-725120-9. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-13556-4.

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