Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality

Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality, also known as Heydarism[1][2] (Azerbaijani: heydərizm),[3] became a significant part of Azerbaijani politics and society after he came to power in 1993 and continuing after his death in 2003, when his son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.[4][5] Aliyev, a former Soviet politburo member and the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1987, became the President of Azerbaijan in 1993. He then began to carefully design an autocratic system, with heavy reliance on family and clan members, oil revenues and patronage.[6]

Aliyev in 1997

In Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev is presented as "Father of the Azeri nation".[7]

Heydar Aliyev's image in Azerbaijan

Aliyev has long been accused of violating human rights and forming an autocratic system in Azerbaijan, with many critics even characterizing the regime as totalitarian.[8][9] His personality cult has been compared to those in the Soviet Union, characterized by an atmosphere of fear in Azerbaijan and censorship of the press.[10] This continued following his death. According to Azeri analyst Zafar Guliyev, the 2003 appointment of Ilham Aliyev as his father's successor instigated a process of asserting the personality cult of his predecessor and rewriting recent Azerbaijani history.[11]

In his 2003 book The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia, German journalist Lutz Kleveman described the situation:

In his eight years of rule, the autocrat has orchestrated a true cult of personality. Pictures of leathery, sphinxlike Aliyev stare from the wall in every office across the country. The paintings with the caption "Shining Son of the People" show an amazingly rejuvenated president emitting red and yellow rays of light, while in actuality eighty-year-old Aliyev is suffering from cancer and has long since chosen his son Ilham to succeed him as president.[12]

Opposition analyst Zardusht Alizade has said that Aliyev "was the last representative of the political heritage of Stalin and Beria. [He] personified the most terrible experiences in the fate of the Azerbaijani people."[13] The 2006 US Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates also expressed concern about how Ilham Aliyev's government maintains a "distinct Soviet-era state television network and has elevated Heydar Aliyev to the status of a minor personality cult figure."[14]

American journalist and specialist on the Caucasus, Thomas Goltz wrote in 1998:

What I worry about Heydar's ultimate legacy. With the help of an oil-fed cult of personality that his mentor Leonid Brezhnev would envy, Heydar has managed to established himself as the personification of Azerbaijan—l'État, c'est moi.[15]

Julie Hill described the cult in her 2005 book, The Silk Road revisited: markets, merchants and minarets, as follows:

Between a supermarket and a hardware store on a busy street close to the center of the town [Baku] is a poster that displays the portraits of Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijani later president and, in the words of his son Ilham Aliyev, the current president, the "founder of an independent Azeri state". In Baku, signs of the emerging cult of Aliyev, who died in 2003, are everywhere. His portrait glowers from posters at traffic intersections. The airport, schools and factories are named after him. His bust is in public buildings. My first instinct was to think that the ever-present portraits were something of a slight to his successor. But it was apparent that the culture that Heydar had created now served Ilham well. The son took power after his father's death, and consolidated his control after a fraud-ridden election in November 2005.[16]

Heydar Aliyev's reaction

In 2001, when journalists from CIS countries asked Heydar Aliyev about his cult of personality, he responded:

The people love me, I can't do anything with that. Not long ago, the chairman of the executive committee of the city of Ganja decided to erect a statue of me in front of the committee building. I called him and said that it's unnecessary. He resisted, but I told him "put a statue after I die..."[17]

Places named after Heydar Aliyev
The Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku
Heydar Aliyev Park in Tbilisi, Georgia

Every city and town in Azerbaijan has a street named after Heydar Aliyev,[18] including one of the central avenues of capital Baku.[19] According to official information, there are 60 museums and centers of Heydar Aliyev in Azerbaijan.[18]

Other places named after him include:

Outside of Azerbaijan

On 14 June 2005, a commemorative plaque was opened in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 6 Gorokovaya Street on the house where Aliyev lived from 1949 to 1950.[44]

Other

The Heydar Aliyev Order, founded in 2004, is the supreme order of the Azerbaijan Republic.[45]

Gül bayramı

Annually, since 2000, a festival is held in Baku in honor of Heydar Aliyev, called Gül bayramı, which translates to "Flower Feast". It starts on 10 May and lasts a few days. Traditionally, it is held in Heydar Aliyev Park, in front of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, where unique flowers from around the world are gathered.[46] According to the opposition Yeni Musavat newspaper, over $76 million were spent in 2013 on this festival.[47]

Films

Two films were shot in 2003 commemorating Aliyev's 80th birthday. Black Label (Qara nişanə) was directed by Vagif Mustafayev with Polish actor Tadeusz Huk (pl) playing Aliyev's role. The Moment of Truth was directed by Ramiz Fataliyev (ru) with Russian actor Aleksandr Baluyev (ru) playing the lead role.

Post stamps
  • 2001
  • 2003
  • 2003
  • 2008
  • 2013
  • 2013

Statues and monuments
Baku
Ağcabədi
Agsu
Astara
Ganja
Goranboy
İmişli
Horadiz
Naftalan
Nəbiağalı
Nakhchivan city
Qabala
Qıvraq
Quzanlı
Saatlı
Sabirabad
Şabran
Şamaxı
Şəmkir
Şirvan
Siyəzən
Sumqayit
Xırdalan
Tovuz
Xızı
Quba
Şəki
Lankaran
Lerik
Yardımlı
Qazax
Qax
İvanovka
Salyan
Qusar
Ucar
Qobustan
Oğuz
Ağdaş
Biləsuvar
Cəlilabad
Daşkəsən
Xaçmaz
Masallı
Incomplete map of settlements in Azerbaijan with statues of Heydar Aliyev

In Azerbaijan

In Azerbaijan, almost every major city has at least one monument of Heydar Aliyev. With his death in 2003, many more were erected in Azerbaijan, other countries, especially in Post-Soviet states.

In the capital Baku, there are at least three statues of Aliyev father: in the Heydar Aliyev International Airport, in the Alley of Honor and in Heydar Aliyev Park on Rashid Behbudov Street.

Settlements in Azerbaijan with statues and monuments of Heydar Aliyev include:

Outside of Azerbaijan
Aliyev's statue in Belgrade

Since Aliyev's death in 2003, many statues have been erected outside of Azerbaijan as well.

The first statue of Aliyev outside Azerbaijan was inaugurated in Kyiv (2004).[85][86] In the same year Aliyev's bust was inaugurated in Bucharest, in a park named after him in 2007.[28] Later statues were erected in Comrat, Gagauzia, Moldova (2007),[87][88] Tbilisi (2007)[89] Qalyub, a suburb of Cairo (2008)[90] Belgrade's Tašmajdan Park (2011)[91] and Mexico City (2012).[92] However, the latter was removed in 2013 after significant controversy.[93]

In only two years, three statues of Aliyev were erected in Russia: in Ulyanovsk (2009),[94] Dzhemikent village, Derbentsky District, Dagestan (2010)[95] and Astrakhan (2010).[96]

Also, statues of Aliyev were installed in three Turkish cities: Kars (2007),[97] Ankara,[98] Istanbul's Haydar Aliyev Park,[99] and İzmir (2018).[40] A bust of Aliyev was inaugurated in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in 2018.[100]

See also

References
  1. "Implementation of Resolution 1358 (2004) on the functioning of democratic institutions in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 20 September 2004. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2014. It should also reconsider the disadvantages of «heydarism», the personality cult following the deceased President...
  2. Muradova, Mina (12 October 2008). "Islam Not an Issue in Azerbaijan's Presidential Campaign". eurasianet.org. Open Society Institute. ...Heydarism [a reference to the late President Heydar Aliyev, father of current President Ilham Aliyev] as a cult of the personality...
  3. Bahadir, Xaliq (13 May 2013). "Tanınmışların heydərizm dartışması". azadliq.info (in Azerbaijani).
  4. "Heidar Aliev, maestro of the Caucasus". The Economist. August 31, 2000. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  5. Kucera, Joshua (May 20, 2008). "Travels in the Former Soviet Union. Entry 2: The Cult of Heydar Aliyev". Slate. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
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  7. Day, [edited by] Alan J.; East, Roger; Thomas, Richard (2002). A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe (1. ed.). London: Europa Publications. p. 16. ISBN 1-85743-063-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  8. Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team; Adrian; editor; coordinator, survey (1999). Freedom in the world: the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 1998-1999. New Brunswick: Transaction Pub. p. 77. ISBN 0-7658-0012-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  9. Sedat Laciner, Mehmet Ozcan, Ihsan Bal and Halil Ibrahim Bahar (eds.) (2009). USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law Vol. 2. International Strategic Research Organization. p. 364. ISBN 978-605-4030-09-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  10. Minahan, James (1998). Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states (1. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 29. ISBN 0-313-30610-9.
  11. "Зафар Гулиев: Азербайджан в тисках клана и культа личности [Zafar Guliyev: Azerbaijan is in the grip of clans and personality cults]" (in Russian). REGNUM. 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  12. Kleveman, Lutz (2003). "Pipeline Poker: Baku's Oil Boom]". The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. ISBN 978-1-5558-4665-7.
  13. de Waal, Thomas (5 February 2005). "Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  14. United States of America Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates of 109th Congress Second Session. 7 April – 5 May 2006. p. 6398.
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  29. "По итогам визита Ильхама Алиева в Иорданию подписаны четыре документа [Azerbaijan and Jordan signed four documents on cooperation]" (in Russian). REGNUM. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
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  36. "В школе имени Гейдара Алиева в Анкаре отметили турецкий национальный праздник [Trukish national holiday celebrated in Heydar Aliyev school in Ankara]" (in Russian). Trend.az. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  37. "В турецком городе Игдыр открылся лицей имени общенационального лидера Гейдара Алиева [A lycee is opened in Turkish Igdir named after Heydar Aliyev]" (in Russian). Day.az. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  38. "Улица в одном из российских городов названа именем общенационального лидера Гейдара Алиева [Street named after Heydal Aliyev opened in a Russian city]" (in Russian). Trend.az. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
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  40. "Karşıyaka'da 'Aliyev' büstü açıldı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
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  45. "Закон Азербайджанской Республики Об учреждении орденов и медалей Азербайджанской Республики Об учреждении орденов и медалей Азербайджанской Республики [Azerbaijani law on medals and orders]". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
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  75. Image of the statue in Şamaxı
  76. "Президент Азербайджана посетил памятник общенациональному лидеру Гейдару Алиеву в Шеки [Azerbaijani President visits monument to national leader Heydar Aliyev in Shaki]" (in Russian). Trend.az. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
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  86. Photo of Aliyev's state in Kiyev
  87. Эксперты: Установка в Гагаузии бюста Гейдара Алиева - "признание его заслуг перед всем тюркским миром" [Experts say installation of Aliyev's bust is "recognition of his achievements for the Turkic people"] (in Russian). REGNUM. November 20, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  88. Photo of the statue in Comrat, Moldova
  89. Iashvili, Aleksandr (May 14, 2007). Саакашвили отдал должное ветерану КГБ [Saakashvili paid tribute to the veteran of KGB] (in Russian). Izvestia. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  90. Farid Arifoglu; Anrey Shary (June 8, 2011). Памятник президенту как экспортный товар [President's statue an export product] (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  91. "Belgrade erects statue to former Azerbaijani President". Hürriyet Daily News. September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  92. В Мехико открылись Парк мексикано-азербайджанской дружбы и установленный в нем памятник общенациональному лидеру Гейдару Алиеву [A park of Mexican-Azerbaijani friendship and a state of national leader Heydar Aliyev were opened in Mexico] (in Russian). Azerbaijan State Telegraph Agency. August 24, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
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