Hiranyaksha

Hiranyaksha (Sanskrit: हिरण्याक्ष, "golden-eyed"), also known as Hiranyanetra (Sanskrit: हिरण्यनेत्र)[1] was an oppressive Asura who attacked the heavens and thereafter kidnapped and attempted to destroy the earth goddess in Hindu mythology.[2][3]

Hiranyaksha
18th century painting depicting Varaha fighting with Hiranyaksha.
AffiliationAsura
AbodePatala
WeaponMace
Personal information
ParentsKashyapa and Diti
SiblingsHiranyakashipu (brother)
Holika (sister)
ChildrenKalanemi
Andhaka

Legend
The boar avatar Varaha, the third incarnation of Vishnu, stands in front of the decapitated body of the demon Hiranyaksha

Some of the Puranas present Hiranyaksha as the son of Diti and Kashyap.[2] Kashyapa (Sanskrit: कश्यप kaśyapa) was an ancient sage (rishis), who is one of the Saptarshis in the present Manvantara; with others being Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, and Bharadwaja. He was the father of the Devas, Asuras, Nagas and all of humanity. He married Aditi, with whom he fathered Agni, the Aditya. With his second wife, Diti, he begot the Daityas. In this Puranic version, the good Suras and evil Asuras are the children of the same Kashyapa, and there is a constant war between good and evil.

Once, Hiranyaksha assaulted the defenceless Mother Earth and pulled her deep into the cosmic ocean. The demi-gods appealed to Vishnu to save the earth goddess and all life. Vishnu took the avatar of a man-boar (Varaha) and went to rescue the goddess. Hiranyaksha blocked him. He was then slain by Vishnu.[2][3]

Hiranyaksha had a younger brother named Hiranyakashipu, who tried to persecute and abuse his son Prahlada for being a faithful devotee of Lord Vishnu. While Hiranyaksha was slain by Varaha (the boar avatar of Lord Vishnu), his younger brother Hiranyakashipu was killed by Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Lord Vishnu.[2]

In some texts including the Bhagavata Purana, Hiranyaksha is an incarnation of one of the dwarapalas (gatekeepers) of Vishnu named Vijaya. Vishnu's guardians Jaya-Vijaya, were cursed by 4 kumara sages (Bramha's sons) to incarnate on Earth either 3 times as enemies of Lord Vishnu OR 7 times as devotees of Lord Vishnu. They chose to take birth on earth 3 times. In the first birth (during Satya Yuga), they were born as Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha. In the second birth (during Treta Yuga), they were born as Ravana and Kumbhakarna. In the third birth (during Dvapara Yuga), they were born as Shishupala and Dantavakra.

Origins and significance
Varaha Avatar of Vishnu kills Hiranyakshan and the Devas shower flowers from the heaven

The Hindu legend has roots in the Vedic literature such as Taittariya Samhita and Shatapatha Brahmana, and is found in many post-Vedic texts.[4][5] These legends depict goddess earth (Bhudevi, Prithivi) in an existential crisis where neither she nor the life she supports can survive. She is drowning and overwhelmed in the cosmic ocean. Vishnu emerges in the form of a man-boar avatar. He, as the hero in the legend, descends into the ocean and finds her, she hangs onto his tusk, and he lifts her out to safety. The good wins, the crisis ends, and Vishnu once again fulfills his cosmic duty. The Varaha legend has been one of many historic legends in the Hindu text embedded with right versus wrong, good versus evil symbolism, and of someone willing to go to the depths and do what is necessary to rescue the good, the right, keep up the dharma.[4][5][6]

See also

References
  1. George M. Williams (27 March 2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  2. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  3. George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155, 223–224. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  4. H. von Stietencron (1986). Th. P. van Baaren; A Schimmel; et al. (eds.). Approaches to Iconology. Brill Academic. pp. 16–22 with footnotes. ISBN 90-04-07772-3.
  5. Debala Mitra, ’Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study’, Journal of the Asiatic Society 5 (1963): 99-103; J. C. Harle, Gupta Sculpture (Oxford, 1974): figures 8-17.
  6. Joanna Gottfried Williams (1982). The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Province. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–46. ISBN 978-0-691-10126-2.
  • Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dhallapiccola
Preceded by
Started		 Daityas
-		 Succeeded by
Hiranyakashipu
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