Hud (1963 film)

Hud is a 1963 American Western drama film directed by Martin Ritt and starring Paul Newman, Melvyn Douglas, Brandon deWilde, and Patricia Neal. It was produced by Ritt and Newman's recently founded company, Salem Productions, and was their first film for Paramount Pictures. Hud was filmed on location on the Texas Panhandle, including Claude, Texas. Its screenplay was by Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank Jr. and was based on Larry McMurtry's 1961 novel, Horseman, Pass By. The film's title character, Hud Bannon, was a minor character in the original screenplay, but was reworked as the lead role. With its main character an antihero, Hud was later described as a revisionist Western.

Hud
Theatrical release poster by Mitchell Hooks
Directed byMartin Ritt
Produced byIrving Ravetch
Martin Ritt
Screenplay byIrving Ravetch
Harriet Frank Jr.
Based onHorseman, Pass By
by Larry McMurtry
StarringPaul Newman
Melvyn Douglas
Patricia Neal
Brandon deWilde
Music byElmer Bernstein
CinematographyJames Wong Howe
Edited byFrank Bracht
Production
company
Salem-Dover Productions
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
  • May 29, 1963 (1963-05-29)
Running time
112 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2.35 million[1] or $1.6 million[2]
Box office$10 million[1]

The film centers on the ongoing conflict between principled patriarch Homer Bannon and his unscrupulous and arrogant son, Hud, during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease putting the family's cattle ranch at risk. Lonnie, Homer's grandson and Hud's nephew, is caught in the conflict and forced to choose which character to follow.

Hud premiered at the Venice International Film Festival, and was a critical and commercial success at its general release. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning three; Patricia Neal won Best Actress, Melvyn Douglas won Best Supporting Actor, and James Wong Howe the Academy Award for Best Black and White Cinematography. Howe's use of contrast to create space and his selection of black-and-white was acclaimed by critics. In later reviews, the film received additional praise. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3][4]

Plot

Hud Bannon (Newman) is ambitious and self-centered, the opposite of his deeply principled rancher father Homer (Douglas). Also living on the Bannon ranch is Hud's teenaged nephew, Lonnie (Brandon deWilde), who looks up to both men, but is most impressed by Hud. Lonnie and Hud are attracted to the Bannons' housekeeper, Alma (Patricia Neal). Although she is attracted to Hud, Alma keeps her distance because she has been mistreated in the past by men like him.

Hud "courts" Alma

After the sudden, inexplicable death of a cow on the ranch, Homer sends Lonnie to town to bring Hud to the ranch for his opinion. Lonnie, finding Hud just in time to take the blame for Hud's tryst with a married woman, protests Hud's putting him in a dangerous situation as they return to the ranch, with Hud driving over Alma's flowers as they arrive. At the dead animal, Hud shoots several buzzards to scare the flock away against his father's protestations that they keep the land clean and shooting them is illegal. Hud states his immunity to laws that inconvenience him, setting the tone of his overall demeanor. Hud is annoyed by his father's decision to summon the state veterinarian, and suggests selling the animals to other ranchers before the news spreads; otherwise, government agents will kill all the cattle and destroy everything they have worked for. He blames his father for not realizing that the cheap Mexican cattle were sick before he bought them. Adhering to his principles, Homer ignores Hud's idea and waits for the veterinarian. Upon his arrival, the state veterinarian immediately issues a legally binding state livestock transfer order directing the quarantine of the ranch for a possible foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. This freezes the movement of all livestock to or from the Bannon ranch, while they await the test results. Aware of the possibility of bankruptcy to the ranch, Homer nevertheless complies.

One night, Hud takes Lonnie out and they prevail in a drunken barroom brawl. Back at the ranch, he reflects on the past (when Lonnie's father and he did the same thing), revealing his feelings about his brother Norman's death and his father's coldness to him. When they enter the house, Homer confronts Hud, accusing his son of trying to corrupt Lonnie. They argue, with Hud accusing Homer of hypocrisy and resentment of him for Norman's death. Homer replies that his disappointment in Hud began before the accident; Hud cares about no one but himself, and is "not fit to live with". Hurt and angry, Hud retorts "My mama loved me, but she died" as he walks away. When Lonnie tells Homer that he was too harsh and other people act like him, Homer replies that one day he will have to decide for himself what is right and wrong.

Homer confronts Hud, as Lonnie looks on

After learning from Lonnie that Hud is trying to seize the ranch, Homer confronts Hud. Infuriated by his eroded inheritance, Hud threatens to have Homer declared legally incompetent so he can take over the ranch. Homer tells his son he will lose. He admits that he made mistakes raising Hud, and was too hard on him. When Hud accuses him of having a "shape up or ship out" policy, Homer wonders aloud how a man like Hud can be his son and storms off to his room. Hud, drunk, goes outside and tries to rape Alma before Lonnie comes to her aid.

When the herd tests positive for foot-and-mouth disease, the veterinarian orders them to be killed and buried on the ranch under state supervision to keep the disease from spreading. Hud points out that they could sell some oil leases to keep the ranch profitable, but Homer refuses as he only has pride in cattle, despite his ruinous decision to purchase the Mexican cattle.

The state veterinarian and his assistant pull up to ranch following the killing of most of Homer's cattle, noticing that two Longhorns are still alive. The assistant gets his rifle and proceeds to leave the car with the intention of killing them. Homer stops him and tells him he will take care of them himself, seeing as how he raised them. The assistant voices his doubts about Homer going through with it, he has no guarantee that will happen. Then Hud soundly defends his father's word and tells him, "he just said he would."

Alma decides to leave the ranch. After Lonnie drops her off at the bus station, Hud sees her as she is waiting. He apologizes for his drunken assault, but not his attraction to her, and he would remember her as "the one who got away". Driving back to the ranch, Lonnie sees his grandfather lying on the side of the road after a fall from his horse during a survey of the ranch. Hud pulls up behind Lonnie, and despite their efforts, he dies.

Lonnie is repelled by his uncle's treatment of Homer and Alma and leaves the ranch after his grandfather's funeral, uncertain if he will ever return. When he tells Hud to put his half of their inheritance in the bank, his uncle replies that Lonnie now sees him as Homer did. Hud goes back into the Bannon house alone; as he closes the door, the final fade-out is the window shade's pull-ring swaying.

Cast
  • Paul Newman as Hud Bannon, the arrogant, self-centered son of rancher Homer Bannon: To prepare for the role, Newman worked for 10 days on a Texas ranch, sleeping in a bunkhouse.[5] For his Texas accent, he was coached by Bob Hinkle, who coached James Dean for his role as Jett Rink in Giant.[6]
  • Melvyn Douglas as Homer Bannon: Hud's father, Lonnie's grandfather, and owner of the Bannon ranch:[7] Although Paramount was doubtful about casting him due to his heart condition, Martin Ritt insisted that he was the right actor for the role.[8]
  • Brandon deWilde as Lonnie Bannon, Hud's teenaged nephew who idolizes him: DeWilde, a former child actor, was best known at the time for his award-winning role in Shane.[9]
  • Patricia Neal as Alma Brown, the Bannons' housekeeper: Ritt decided to cast Neal (whom he had met at the Actors Studio) when he was impressed by her performance in The Untouchables episode "The Maggie Storm Story". The actress signed for $30,000;[7] although she had third billing and 22 minutes of screen time, the film had a major impact on her career.[10]

Production

Development

After working together on other projects, director Martin Ritt and Paul Newman co-founded Salem Productions and the company made a three-film deal with Paramount Studios.[11] For its first film, Salem hired husband-and-wife scriptwriters Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank Jr., who worked with Ritt and Newman on The Long, Hot Summer. Ravetch found Larry McMurtry's novel, Horseman, Pass By, in an airport shop during a Dallas stopover and presented the project to Ritt and Newman after reading a description of Hud Bannon. The partners met Ravetch and Frank at their home, approved the project,[6] and the writers adapted the script.[12]

Although McMurtry's novel focuses on Lonnie Bannon, Ravetch and Frank expanded Hud's character to the lead role.[7] Ritt wanted Hud to be an antihero who did not regret his actions at the end of the film.[12] He was changed from Homer's stepson to his son, and the character of Homer's wife was eliminated.[13] Newman and Ritt initially named the project Wild Desire, followed by The Winners, Hud Bannon Against the World, Hud Bannon and finally Hud.[14] Ravetch and Frank accompanied Ritt and Newman through preproduction, casting, and publicity design.[13]

Hud tries to rape Alma.

Ritt asked that the housekeeper character (originally Halmea, a black woman) be renamed Alma and played by a white actress, because he thought a relationship between Hud and a black woman would not work.[15] According to Ravetch and Frank, "Neither American film nor American society was quite ready for that back then". Although Halmea is assaulted by Hud in the novel, Ravetch and Frank added Lonnie's intervention to "highlight" his significance and keep Hud "human" and not "totally and simplistically evil".[13] To accentuate the scene's violence, Hud's roughness was complemented by the use of shadows,[10] while a camera was attached on Newman's back to create a "man's view angle" while he chased Neal.[16] Film critic Pauline Kael described Neal's performance as "perhaps the first female equivalent of the white-negro".[10]

Cinematographer James Wong Howe shot Hud in black-and-white to "elevate its dramatic propensities".[17] Filmed in Panavision,[18] Howe used high contrast with unbalanced light and dark tones. He highlighted the white ground and clear skies, making the shadows black. Dark tones were "overpowered" by light ones, creating a sense of "infinite space". For faces and structures, Howe used light reflected from the ground. The contrast between the environment and objects silhouetted against the background provides a sense of depth.[19] Ritt's biographer, Carlton Jackson, wrote that in Hud "the scenery becomes a part of the thematic development itself".[17] According to Texas Monthly, "Howe's austere rendition of Texas landscapes [...] remains one of the film's most distinctive pleasures".[20]

Filming

Hud was shot over a four-week period in and around the Texas Panhandle, using the town of Claude as a setting.[21][7] Location filming began on May 21, 1962, and was finished by the second week of June.[22] Outdoor scenes were filmed at the Goodnight Ranch.[6] To avoid surpassing the shooting schedule due to weather conditions, the cast had to cancel two scenes originally planned for the location that featured people from Claude and Amarillo.[23] The rest of the scenes were shot at the Paramount sound stages in Hollywood beginning in the first week of July.[22] The film was completed on August 1, 1962.[22] The pig-scramble scene, written by dialect coach Bob Hinkle, replaced a softball game in Ravetch and Frank's script; Hinkle played the announcer in the scene.[6] For the filming of the cattle-slaughter scene, the Humane Society was present to monitor the animals' treatment. The herd was sprayed with a substance to make it appear ill, and bungee cords were tied to the cattle's legs.[6] Camera angles were arranged by Ritt and Howe to avoid showing the death of the cattle.[24] When a man was shown shooting, the camera would switch to the cattle; the crew shook the cords, creating an effect of the herd being shot.[6] During location shooting, Newman and deWilde often changed hotel rooms due to female fans following them.[25]

Elmer Bernstein used sparse arrangements for Hud's score;[26] in its theme, Bernstein "insinuated" natural sounds with "poignant strings on the guitar".[27][28] Variety called the theme "vital and noteworthy", "sombre, plaintive and foreboding".[29]

John Ashley had a role, but it was mostly removed during the edit process.[30]

Hud's budget was $2.35 million, and Paramount executives were unhappy with the film. They felt it was too dark and were displeased by the black-and-white cinematography and Hud's lack of remorse and unchanged behavior.[25] Although Martin Rackin asked Ritt to change the film's ending, Newman and he decided to keep the original.[31] After Hud was previewed, Paramount considered dropping the project, feeling that it was not "commercial enough", but Ritt flew to New York and convinced the executives to release the film unmodified.[13] Advertising posters, with Newman in blue jeans in a "suggestive, full-length pose", read: "Paul Newman is "Hud"! ... the man with the barbed-wire soul".[32]

Release and reception
Originally planned as an antihero, audiences liked Hud Bannon's self-centered character.

Hud was acclaimed during its premiere at the 24th Venice International Film Festival.[31] After its general release on May 29, 1963, the film grossed $10 million at the domestic box office,[1] earning $5 million in theatrical rentals.[33] It was the 19th-highest grossing film of the year. Life called Hud an "arresting—almost great—movie", describing Paul Newman's acting as "faultless".[34] An Outlook reviewer wrote that the four main cast members acted "splendidly"; Newman "speaks at times with an unpleasant nasal twang, but is clearly suited to the part." They described Melvyn Douglas' performance as "impeccable", Brandon deWilde's as "[successful] in looking earnest unsure of himself" and praised Patricia Neal's expressiveness.[35] Time called the performances "splendid", and Howe's photography "brings the Texas Panhandle to dusty, sweaty life."[36] The New York Times, in a favorable review, said Ritt's direction had "[a] powerfully realistic style" and called Ravetch and Frank's work "[an] excellent screenplay." The newspaper called Newman's acting "tremendous", Douglas' "magnificent", deWilde's "eloquent of clean, modern youth" and Patricia Neal's "brilliant." The review also praised James Wong Howe's "excellent" camera work and Elmer Bernstein's "poignant" score.[37] Variety called Hud "a near miss"; its screenplay fails to "filter its meaning and theme lucidly through its characters and story", although it called the four leads' performances "excellent."[38]

Through the character of Hud, Ritt and Newman had intended to show the corruption of modern capitalism and the pitfalls of admiring an individual blindly, without observing his character.[39] Critics, however, did not universally echo this view. Life's review described Hud as "likable, smart, and [with] the potential to measure up to his tough, honorable father"[34] and Saturday Review called him a "charming, raffish monster".[40] According to Outlook, "Hud Bannon is a mean, unscrupulous man who never has even a momentary twinge of conscience or change of heart"; in the end scene, Hud "[p]ulls down the shade on the world of goodness and decency".[35] Pauline Kael initially described the film as an "anti-Western"; she called it an "anti-American film", which was "so astutely made and yet such a mess that it (was) redeemed by its fundamental dishonesty."[41]

Although Hud was conceived as an outwardly charming, but morally repugnant character, audiences, especially young people, found him likable, even admirable.[42] Paul Newman said, "We thought [the] last thing people would do was accept Hud as a heroic character ... His amorality just went over [the audience's] head; all they saw was this Western, heroic individual". Martin Ritt later attributed audience interpretation of the character to the counterculture of the 1960s which "changed the values" of the young audiences who saw Hud as a hero.[43]

Later evaluation in film guides

Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide gave Hud four stars out of four. Maltin called the story "excellent" and its performances "impeccable".[44] Steven H. Scheuer's Movies on TV also gave the film four stars out of four; Scheuer called it "a must for movie-drama fans", and said the cast was "superb".[45] In Film and Video Guide Leslie Halliwell gave Hud four stars out of four, calling it "unique".[46] Allmovie gave Hud five stars out of five, calling the film "a warning shot for the Sixties" and saying that its "generational conflict would prove prescient". It praised Howe's cinematography, which gave the film "an authentic Western feel".[47]

Awards and nominations
Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards[48] Best Director Martin Ritt Nominated
Best Actor Paul Newman Nominated
Best Actress Patricia Neal Won
Best Supporting Actor Melvyn Douglas Won
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank Jr. Nominated
Best Art Direction – Black-and-White Hal Pereira, Tambi Larsen, Samuel M. Comer and Robert R. Benton Nominated
Best Cinematography – Black-and-White James Wong Howe Won
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Frank Bracht Nominated
British Academy Film Awards[49] Best Film from any Source Hud Nominated
Best Foreign Actor Paul Newman Nominated
Best Foreign Actress Patricia Neal Won
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Martin Ritt Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Hud Nominated
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Paul Newman Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Melvyn Douglas Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Patricia Neal Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Martin Ritt Nominated
Laurel Awards Top Drama Hud Won
Top Male Dramatic Performance Paul Newman Won
Top Female Dramatic Performance Patricia Neal Won
Top Male Supporting Performance Melvyn Douglas Won
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films Hud Won
Best Actress Patricia Neal Won
Best Supporting Actor Melvyn Douglas Won
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Hud Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Nominated
Best Director Martin Ritt Nominated
Best Actor Paul Newman Nominated
Best Actress Patricia Neal Won
Best Screenplay Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank Jr. Won
Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion Martin Ritt Nominated
OCIC Award Won
Writers Guild of America Awards[50] Best Written American Drama Harriet Frank Jr. and Irving Ravetch Won

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved Hud in 2005.[51] In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[52]

See also

References
  1. The Numbers 2013.
  2. Lamont, John (1990). "The John Ashley Filmography". Trash Compactor (Volume 2 No. 5 ed.). p. 26.
  3. "Library of Congress National Film Registry Turns 30". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  4. "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  5. Borden, Marian Edelman 2010, p. 40.
  6. American Legends staff 2008.
  7. Shearer, Stephen 2006, p. 220.
  8. Guttmacher, Peter 1995, p. 110.
  9. Miller, Gabriel 2000, p. 55, 56.
  10. Shearer, Stephen 2006, p. 221.
  11. Jackson, Carlton 1994, p. 69.
  12. Quirk, Lawrence 2009, p. 121.
  13. Baer, William 2003.
  14. Levy, Shawn 2010, p. 73.
  15. Miller, Gabriel 2000, p. 53.
  16. Sinise, Jerry 1962, p. 21.
  17. Jackson, Carlton 1994, p. 71-72.
  18. Finler, Joel 2003, p. 186.
  19. Rainsberger, Todd 1981, p. 231.
  20. Graham, Don 1991, p. 98.
  21. Wishart, David 2004, p. 270.
  22. Shearer, Stephen 2006, p. 222.
  23. Ritt, Martin, Newman, Paul & Ravetch, Irving 1962, p. 3.
  24. Jackson, Carlton 1994, p. 72.
  25. Levy, Shawn 2010, p. 74.
  26. MacDonald, Laurence 2013, p. 214.
  27. Crowther, Bosley 1978, p. 169.
  28. New York Times staff 1971, p. 180.
  29. Variety staff 1989, p. 147.
  30. Vagg, Stephen (December 2019). "A Hell of a Life: The Nine Lives of John Ashley". Diabolique Magazine.
  31. Miller, Gabriel 2000, p. 60.
  32. Morella, Joe 1988, p. 97.
  33. Variety staff 1966.
  34. Brunzel, Peter 1963, p. 45.
  35. Outlook Magazine Staff 1963, p. 25.
  36. Time Magazine staff 1963, p. 10.
  37. Crowther, Bosley 1963.
  38. Variety staff 1962.
  39. Wojcik, Pamela 2012, p. 17.
  40. Saturday Review staff 1963, p. 228.
  41. Buhle, Paul 2005, p. 188-89.
  42. Borden, Marian Edelman 2010, p. 41.
  43. Quirk, Lawrence 2009, p. 122.
  44. Maltin, Leonard 2014, p. 321.
  45. Scheuer, Steven H. 1989, p. 373.
  46. Halliwell, Leslie 1996, p. 554.
  47. Jardine, Dan 2008.
  48. New York Times staff 2008.
  49. BAFTA staff 2010.
  50. Hoffmann, Henryk 2012, p. 88.
  51. "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
  52. https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/675384976/jurassic-park-the-shining-and-23-other-movies-added-to-national-film-registry

Sources
  • American Legends staff (2008). "Bob Hinkle: The Making of Hud". American Legends. American Legends Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  • Baer, William (2003). "Hud: A Conversation with Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank, Jr". Michigan Quarterly Review. University of Michigan Library. XLII (2). Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  • BAFTA staff (2010). "Patricia Neal". BAFTA.org. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  • Borden, Marian Edelman (2010). Paul Newman: A Biography. ABC – CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38310-6.
  • Brunzel, Peter (1963). "Western Non-hero named Hud". Life. Time, Inc. 55 (1). ISSN 0024-3019.
  • Buhle, Paul (2005). Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950–2002. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6684-1.
  • Crowther, Bosley (1963). "Hud". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  • Crowther, Bosley (1978). Reruns: fifty memorable films. Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-12230-9.
  • Finler, Joel (2003). The Hollywood Story. Wallflower Press. ISBN 978-1-903-36466-6.
  • Guttmacher, Peter (1995). Legendary Westerns. MetroBooks. ISBN 978-1-56799-172-7.
  • Graham, Don (1991). "Texas Videos: the best Texas Movies on tape". Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications. 19 (7). ISSN 0148-7736.
  • Halliwell, Leslie (1996). Halliwell's Film Guide. HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-062-73372-6.
  • Hoffmann, Henryk (2012). Western Movie References in American Literature. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-46638-2.
  • Jackson, Carlton (1994). Picking Up the Tab: The Life and Movies of Martin Ritt. Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-672-0.
  • Jardine, Dan (2008). "Hud (1963)". Allmovie. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  • Levy, Shawn (2010). Paul Newman: A Life. Autumn Press. ISBN 978-1-845-13654-3.
  • MacDonald, Laurence (2013). The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-810-88398-7.
  • Maltin, Leonard (2014). Leonard Maltin's 2015 Movie Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-18361-2.
  • Miller, Gabriel (2000). The Films of Martin Ritt: Fanfare for the Common Man. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-61703-496-1.
  • Morella, Joe (1988). Paul and Joanne. Dell. ISBN 978-0-440-20465-7.
  • New York Times staff (1971). The New York Times Directory of the Film. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-47419-9.
  • New York Times staff (2008). "Hud". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  • Shearer, Stephen (2006). Patricia Neal: an Unquiet Life. University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-7136-4.
  • Outlook Magazine Staff (1963). "Cineopinion". Outlook. 2.
  • Rainsberger, Todd (1981). James Wong Howe: Cinematographer. A.S Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-02405-4.
  • Ritt, Martin; Newman, Paul; Ravetch, Irving (1962). "A Word in Parting..." Amarillo Globe-Times. 38 (347). Morris Communications. Retrieved March 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Saturday Review staff (1963). "Deep in the Heart of Texas". Saturday Review.
  • "Box Office Information for Hud". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  • Time Magazine staff (1963). "Movie Reviews". Time. Time, Inc.
  • Quirk, Lawrence (2009). Paul Newman: A Life. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-438-2.
  • Sinise, Jerry (1962). "Movie Director Hits Sensors of the Mind". Amarillo Globe-Times. 38 (343). Morris Communications. Retrieved March 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  • Scheuer, Steven H. (1989). Movies on TV and Video Cassette 1989–1990. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-27707-4.
  • Variety staff (1962). "Hud is a near miss. Where it falls short of the mark is in its failure to filter its meaning and theme lucidly through its characters and story". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  • Variety staff (1966). "All-Time Top Grossers". Variety. Variety Media, LLC.
  • Variety staff (1989). Variety's Film Reviews: 1959–1963. Bouker. ISBN 978-0-835-22789-6.
  • Wishart, David (2004). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4787-1.
  • Wojcik, Pamela (2012). New Constellations: Movie Stars of the 1960s. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5229-3.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.