Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award

• Nat Hentoff — Book Publishing
• Erwin Knoll and Howard Morland — Journalism
• Saul Landau and Jack Willis — Journalism
• David Goldberger — Law
• Louis Clark — Government
• Carey McWilliams — Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles; Jules Feiffer, playwright and social cartoonist; Fay Kanin, President, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Victor Navasky, Editor, The Nation; and Tom Wicker, Columnist and Associate Editor, The New York Times.

• Frank Rowe — Book Publishing
• Todd Crowder, Charles Reineke and William Hoffmann Jr. — Journalism
• Edward Asner, Allan Burns, Seth Freeman, and Gene Reynolds — Arts and Entertainment
• William Schannen III — Law
• Morton Halperin — Government
• Kathy Russell — Education
• Stanley Fleishman — Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Edward Brooke, US Senator, Massachusetts; Nat Hentoff, author and columnist, The Village Voice; Fay Kanin, President, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Judith Krug, Director, The American Library Association; and Charles Nesson, Dean, Harvard Law School.

• Franklyn S. Haiman — Book Publishing
• Gene D. Lanier — Education
• Billie Pirner Garde — Government
• Frank Snepp — Individual Conscience
• Steven Pico — Law
• Robert Berger, Herbert Brodkin, Ernest Kinoy and Herbert Wise — Arts and Entertainment
• Melody Sands — Journalism
• Frank J. Donner — Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Yvonne Braithwaite Burke, Partner, Kutak, Rode & Huie; Hamilton Fish III, Publisher, The Nation; Florence McMullin, Chair, The Washington Library Association Intellectual Freedom Committee; and Aryeh Neier, Professor of Law, New York University.

• Tom Gish and Pat Gish – Outstanding Community Leadership
• Mark Lynch – Outstanding National Leadership
• Osmond K. Fraenkel – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Harriet Pilpel, Attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges; Studs Terkel, author and nationally syndicated radio show host; and William Worthy, international journalist and civil liberties activist.

• Helen Troy and Forest Troy – Outstanding Community Leadership
• Agnus Mackenzie – Outstanding National Leadership
• Frank Wilkinson – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Martin Agronsky, Agronsky and Company; Alan Dershowitz, Professor, Harvard Law School; and Liza Pike, Program Director, Center for Investigative Reporting.

• Clifford McKenzie – Government
• Jack C. Landau – Education
• Ronnie Dugger – Journalism

The judges were Burton Joseph, Attorney, Barsy, Joseph & Lichtenstein; Harriet Pilpel, Attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges; and Melody Sands, former owner of The Athens News.

• Barry Lynn – Government
• Glenna Nowell – Education
• Walter Karp – Book Publishing
• Charles Levendosky – Journalism
• William A. Bradford, Jr., Ricki Seidman, and Mary Weidler – Law

The judges were Julius L. Chambers, President, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund; Maxwell Lillienstein, General Counsel, American Booksellers Association; and Anthony Podesta, Founding President, People for the American Way.

• Jamie Kalven – Book Publishing
• Herbert Foerstel – Education
• Rex Armstrong – Law
• Eric Robert Glitzenstein – Government
• David Arnett – Journalism[1]
• Roy Woodruff – Individual Conscience

The judges were Charlayne Hunter-Gault, New York Correspondent, The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour; Anthony Lewis, syndicated columnist, The New York Times; Steven Pico, First Amendment lecturer and advocate; and Tom Wicker, political columnist, The New York Times.

• Eve Pell – Journalism
• James A. Haught – Journalism
• Thomas Michael Devine – Government
• Joann Bell – Law
• John Henry Faulk – Individual Conscience
• Louis Ingelhart – Education
• Anthony Lewis – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Judith Krug, Director, the American Library Association for Intellectual Freedom; Jack K. Landau, attorney an columnist, Newhouse Newspapers; Clarence Page, Pulitzer Prize-Winning Columnist, Chicago Tribune; and Harriet Pilpel, attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges.

• Paul Conrad – Journalism
• Marilyn Athmann – Education
• Danny Goldberg – Arts and Entertainment
• Hans A. Linde – Law
• Dennis Barrie – Individual Conscience
• Studs Terkel – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Herbert N. Foerstel, Head of Branch Libraries, University of Maryland; Robert Scheer, National Correspondent, Los Angeles Times; and Maxine Waters, US Representative, California.

• Allan Adler – Book Publishing
• Inez Austin – Individual Conscience
• Traci Bauer – Law
• James Dana – Education
• Bella Lewitzky – Arts and Entertainment
• Debbie Nathan – Journalism
• Sydney Schanberg – Government

The judges were Arthur Kropp, President, People for the American Way; Barry Lynn, Co-host, Battleline news radio talk show; Eve Pell, investigative journalist, Freedom of Information Project; and Tom Wicker, political columnist, The New York Times.

• Jules Feiffer – Individual Conscience
• Bruce Rogow – Law
• Natalie Robins – Book Publishing
• Carl Jensen – Education
• Dannie Martin – Journalism
• Peter Sussman – Journalism

The judges were Dennis Barrie, Executive Director, Contemporary Arts Center of Cincinnati; Norman Dorsen, Stokes Professor of Law, New York University Law School; Mark Goodman, Executive Director, Student Press Law Center; Barbara Kopple, documentary filmmaker; and Reginald Stuart, Assistant News Editor, Knight-Ridder Newspapers.

• Anthony Griffin – Law
• Robert Landauer – Print Journalism
• Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon – Book Publishing
• Carole Marlowe – Education
• Jim Warren – Government
• Jean Otto – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Rex Armstrong, Attorney and Volunteer Counsel, ACLU of Oregon; Jessica Mitford, author and social activist; and Carl Jensen, Founder, Project Censored.

• Jeffrey DeBonis – Government
• Joycelyn Chadwick-Joshua – Education
• Seth Rosenfeld – Print Journalism
• Mary Morello – Arts and Entertainment
• Tom Hull – Law
• Morton Mintz – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Chris Finan, Executive Director, The Media Coalition; Marjorie Heins, Director an Staff Counsel, ACLU Arts Censorship Project; and Sydney Schanberg, journalist.

• Dr. Frederic Whitehurst – Government
• Kelli Peterson – Individual Conscience
• Katharine Swan – Journalism
• Cecile Richards – Education
• American Civil Liberties Union – Law
• American Library Association – Law

The judges were Anthony Griffin, attorney; Bobby Handman, President, People for the American Way; and Burton Joseph, Attorney, Barsy, Joseph & Lichtenstein.

• Lee Brawner – Education
• Tisha Byars – Individual Conscience
• Goodloe Sutton and Jean Sutton – Journalism

The judges were Nadine Strossen, President, ACLU; Peter S. Prichard, President, Freedom Forum; and Ann K. Symons, President, American Library Association.

• Michael Moore — Arts and Entertainment
• Eugenie C. Scott — Education
• Nicholas Becker — Individual Conscience
• Jeri McGiverin & Elaine Williamson – Law
• Donald Parker – Lifetime Achievement
• Bruce Sanford – Book Publishing

The judges were Mark Goodman, Executive Director, Student Press Law Center; Molly Ivins, author and columnist, Creators Syndicate; Barbara Kopple, filmmaker; and Clarence Page, columnist, Chicago Tribune.

• Michael Kent Curtis – Book Publishing
• Mary Dana – Education
• Nancy Zennie – Education
• William M. Lawbaugh – Print Journalism
• James Wheaton – Law
• John Seigenthaler - Lifetime Achievement
• Penn & Teller – Arts and Entertainment

The judges were Floyd Abrams, Partner, Cahill Gordon & Reindel; Lucy Dalglish; Executive Director, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; Robert M. O'Neil, Director, Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression; and Nadine Strossen, President, ACLU.

• Trina Magi and Linda Ramsdell — Education
• Ronald K. L. Collins and David Michael Skover – Book Publishing
• David Cole – Book Publishing
• Nate Blakeslee – Law
• Steven Aftergood – Government
• Talia Buford – Print Journalism
• Bill Maher – Arts and Entertainment
• Molly Ivins – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Margaret Carlson, CNN's The Capital Gang and Time Magazine columnist; Ann Richards, former Governor of Texas; and John Seigenthaler, Founder, First Amendment Center.

• Paisley Dodds — Print Journalism
• Patricia Princehouse — Education
• Geoffrey R. Stone – Book Publishing
• Jack Spadaro — Government
• Shelby Knox, Marion Lipschutz, and Rose Rosenblatt — Arts and Entertainment
• Rhett Jackson — Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Katrina vanden Heuvel, Editor and Publisher, The Nation; Anthony D. Romero, Executive Director, American Civil Liberties Union; and Eugenie Scott, Executive Director, National Center for Science Education.

• Greg Lukianoff — Freedom of Expression
• Heather Gillman — Law
• Mark Klein — Government

The judges were Nadine Strossen, President, American Civil Liberties Union and Professor of Law, New York Law School; Geoffrey Stone, Edward H. Levi Distinguished Service Professor at University of Chicago Law School; and David Rubin, professor and former dean, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University.

• Rebecca MacKinnon — Book Publishing
• Pablo Alvarado — Law
• Thomas Drake — Government
• Jesselyn Radack — Government
• Zack Kopplin — Education
• Stanley K. Sheinbaum — Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Hector Villagra; Patricia Schroeder; Robert Scheer; and Norman Lear.

• Morris Davis — Government[2]
• Jessica Ahlquist — Education[2]
• Norman Lear — Lifetime Achievement[2]
• Marjorie Heins for her book Priests of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, and the Anti-Communist Purge.[2][3][4][5]

The judges were Henry Weinstein from the University of California, Ramona Ripston and Dr. Charles C. Haynes, Director of the Religious Freedom Education Project.

• Muneer Awad — Government
• Glenn Greenwald — Journalism
• Norman Dorsen — Lifetime Achievement
• Thomas Healy — Book Publishing
• Michael Hiestand and Mary Beth Tinker — For organizing the Tinker Tour
• Chris Finan — Law

The judges were Margaret Carlson, Laura W. Murphy Director if the ACLU's Washington Legislative Office, and Joan E. Bertin Executive Director of National Coalition Against Censorship.

• Steve Listopad — Education
• Malkia Cyril — Government
• Zephyr Teachout — Book Publishing
• James Risen — Print Journalism
• Victor Navasky — Lifetime Achievement

• Burt Neuborne — Lifetime Achievement
• Hasan Elahi — Arts & Entertainment
• Timothy Garton Ash — Book Publishing
• Jenni Monet — Print Journalism

The judges were Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean and Professor of Law, University of California Berkeley School of Law; Lara Bergthold, Principal Partner at RALLY; and Davan Maharaj, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of the Los Angeles Times Media Group.

• Joan E. Bertin — Lifetime Achievement
• Simon Tam — Arts & Entertainment
• Laura Kipnis — Book Publishing
• Allison Stranger — Education
• Jamie Kalevn — Journalism

The judges were Michael A. Bamberger, Author and Senior Counsel at Dentons; Shelby Coffey III, Journalist; and Zephyr Teachout, Political Activist and Professor at Fordham University School of Law.[6]

• Floyd Abrams, Lifetime Achievement
• Christian Bales— Education
• Theodore J. Boutrous— Law
• Grace Marion— Journalism
• George Luber— Government
• Greg Lukianoff, Jonathan Haidt— Book Publishing

The judges were Karen Tumulty, Columnist and Correspondent; Neal Katyal Professor of Law and former Acting Solicitor General of the United States; and Michael B. Keegan, president of People for the American Way and People for the American Way Foundation.[7]