Hydrogen station

As of June 2020, there are 178 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[4]

As of June 2020, there are 114 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[5]

Japan built a number of hydrogen filling stations under the JHFC project from 2002 to 2010 to test various technologies of hydrogen generation.[6] By the end of 2012 there were 17 hydrogen stations and 19 new stations were expected to be installed by 2015.[7] The Japanese government expects to add up to 100 hydrogen stations under a budget of $460 million. That amount covers 50% of the installation costs, with the last stations operational by 2015.[8][9] JX Energy expects to install 40 stations by 2015,[10] and another 60 between 2016 and 2018.[11] Toho Gas and Iwatani Corp[12] After that, they expect to install an additional 20 stations.[13] Toyota Tsusho and Air Liquide made a joint venture to build 2 hydrogen stations, which were planned to be ready by 2015.[14] Osaka Gas planned 2 stations for 2014–15.[15] A task force led by Yuriko Koike, Japan's former environment minister, and supported by the country's Liberal Democratic Party, was set up to oversee the process.[16]

As of June 2020, there are 27 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[17]

As of June 2020, there are 33 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[18]

As of 2018, approximately 18,000 fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) were produced in Korea (domestic demand: 9,000 vehicles), which means that more hydrogen recharging stations are required across the country. In response to the rising demand for FCEVs, the Korean government established plans to increase the number of hydrogen recharging stations to 310 by 2022.[19]

As of June 2020, there are more than 177 stations in Europe and 43 under construction.[20][21][22]

As of June 2020, there are 84 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 21 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 5 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 2 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 3 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[20]

As of June 2020, there is one publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 4 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 3 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 6 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 1 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 2 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 6 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 4 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 4 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 3 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 4 under construction.[20]

As of June 2020, there are 11 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation and 1 under construction.[20]

In 2011 the first public hydrogen station opened in Swindon.[23] In 2014 HyTec opened the London Hatton Cross station.[24] On March 11, 2015, the London Hydrogen Network Expansion project opened the first supermarket-located hydrogen refuelling station at Sainsbury's in Hendon.[25] Aberdeen opened its first hydrogen station in 2015, in Kittybrewster, for buses and council vehicles. In 2018 this station opened to the public, and in 2017 a second station was opened in the suburb of Cove Bay. Hydrogen stations in Bedfordshire and Stratford were scheduled to open to the public before 2016.[26] The HyFive project had 3 stations planned for London by 2015.[27] On October 9, 2014, the British government announced funding of £11 million to have 15 public hydrogen refuelling stations built at the end of 2015.[28] In September 2015, Shell and ITM Power announced a strategic siting partnership for the placement of an initial three ITM hydrogen refuelers on Shell forecourts in London and the South East of the UK.[29]

In 2018, Shell Canada launched an initiative to build hydrogen fueling stations starting with the first in Vancouver. They planned on building at least two more within the city.[30]

As of January 2021, there were 45 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in the US, 43 of which were located in California.[31]

• Arizona: A prototype hydrogen fuelling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fuelling stations could be built in urban areas.[32][33] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Arizona.[31]

• California: As of January 2021, there were 43 stations.[31] Hydrogen station development was encouraged and subsidized by the California Fuel Cell Partnership, and under Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's California Hydrogen Highway program.[34][35] In 2013, Governor Brown signed AB 8, a bill to fund up to 100 hydrogen stations.[36]

• Connecticut. As of January 2021, one publicly accessible station was in operation in Connecticut.[31]

• Hawaii opened its first hydrogen station at Hickam in 2009.[37][38] In 2012, the Aloha Motor Company opened a hydrogen station in Honolulu.[39] As of January 2021, however, only one publicly accessible station was in operation in Hawaii.[31]

• Massachusetts: The French company Air Liquide completed construction of a new hydrogen fuelling station in Mansfield, Massachusetts in October 2018, one of four stations they built as part of an expansion of the hydrogen fuelling infrastructure in the Northeastern U.S.[40] The only other hydrogen fuelling station in Massachusetts is located at the Billerica, Massachusetts headquarters of fuel cell manufacturer Nuvera.[41] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Massachusetts.[31]

• Michigan: In 2000, the Ford Motor Company and Air Products & Chemicals opened the first hydrogen station in North America in Dearborn, MI.[42] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Michigan.[31]

• Missouri's only hydrogen filling station is located at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus.[43] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Missouri.[31]

• Ohio: A hydrogen filling station opened in 2007 on the campus of The Ohio State University at the Center for Automotive Research. This station is the only one in Ohio.[44] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Ohio.[31]

• Vermont: A hydrogen station was built in 2004 in Vermont in Burlington, VT. The project was partially funded through the United States Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program.[45] As of January 2021, no publicly accessible stations were in operation in Vermont.[31]

A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped filling stations and other infrastructure along a road or highway. Italy and Germany are collaborating to build a hydrogen highway between Mantua in northern Italy and Munich in southern Germany.

Home hydrogen fueling stations are available to consumers.[46][47][48][49]

Solar powered water electrolysing hydrogen home stations are composed of solar cells, power converter, water purifier, electrolyzer, piping, hydrogen purifier,[50] oxygen purifier, compressor,[51] pressure vessels[52] and a hydrogen outlet.[53]

As of 2019, 98% of hydrogen is produced by steam methane reforming, which emits carbon dioxide.[56] The bulk of hydrogen is also transported to fueling stations in trucks, so pollution is also emitted in its transportation.[57]

Hydrogen fuel is hazardous because of its low ignition energy, high combustion energy, and because it easily leaks from tanks.[58] Explosions at hydrogen filling stations have been reported.[59]

Hydrogen fuelling stations generally receive deliveries by truck from hydrogen suppliers. An interruption at a hydrogen supply facility can shut down multiple hydrogen fuelling stations due to an interruption of the supply of hydrogen.[60]

Since the turn of the millennium, filling stations offering hydrogen have been opening worldwide. However, they are far from replacing the existing extensive gasoline fuel station infrastructure, which in the US alone numbered 168,000 gas stations, in 2004,[61] which generated revenues of US$536 billion in 2014.[62] According to Joe Romm in his book The Hype About Hydrogen (2004), replacing these would cost a half trillion U.S. dollars.[63] According to NREL, a hydrogen fueling station costs between $1 million and $4 million to build.[64]

According to hydrogen industry group h2euro.org, the cost of the necessary European-wide hydrogen fueling infrastructure could be five times lower than the cost of the charging network required for battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[65] When viewed as cost per station, EV stations are cheaper than the $3 million per hydrogen station.[66] However, the reason that hydrogen infrastructure could be less expensive than electric, even though the individual station cost is higher, is quicker vehicle fueling and longer refueling intervals, thus needing far fewer hydrogen stations per million fuel cell cars than charging stations per million battery electric cars.[67]