IEEE 1901

The IEEE Std 1901-2010 is a standard for high speed (up to 500 Mbit/s at the physical layer) communication devices via electric power lines, often called broadband over power lines (BPL).[1] The standard uses transmission frequencies below 100 MHz. This standard is usable by all classes of BPL devices, including BPL devices used for the connection (<1500m to the premises) to Internet access services as well as BPL devices used within buildings for local area networks, smart energy applications, transportation platforms (vehicle), and other data distribution applications (<100m between devices).[2]

Not to be confused with Power over Ethernet (PoE).

The IEEE Std 1901-2010 standard replaced a dozen previous powerline specifications. It includes a mandatory coexistence Inter-System Protocol (ISP). The IEEE 1901 ISP prevents interference when the different BPL implementations are operated within close proximity of one another.[3]

To handle multiple devices attempting to use the line at the same time, IEEE Std 1901-2010 supports TDMA, but CSMA/CA (also used in WiFi) is most commonly implemented by devices sold.[4][5]

The 1901 standard is mandatory to initiate SAE J1772 electric vehicle DC charging (AC uses PWM) and the sole powerline protocol for IEEE 1905.1 heterogeneous networking. It was highly recommended in the IEEE P1909.1 smart grid standards because those are primarily for control of AC devices, which by definition always have AC power connections - thus no additional connections are required.

Status

The IEEE P1901 Working Group started in June 2005. More than 90 organizations contributed to the standard. Half of the organizations were from US, a quarter from Japan and the last quarter from Europe.[3]

IEEE 1901 completed a formal standard IEEE Std 1901-2010 published in December 2010. The working group which maintains and extends the standards is sponsored by the IEEE Power Line Communication Standard Committee (PLCSC).[6]

ITU-T G.9972

The IEEE 1901 ISP coexistence protocol was extended to support the International Telecommunication Union's family of home networking standards known as G.hn, and adopted by the ITU-T as Recommendation ITU-T G.9972.[7]

SGIP

The Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) initiated by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mandates the implementation of the IEEE 1901 ISP coexistence mechanism (or ITU-T G.9972) in all technologies operating over power lines. NISTIR 7862: Guideline for the Implementation of Coexistence for Broadband Power Line Communication Standards [8] The IEEE 1901 standard is included in the SGIP Catalog of Standards [9]

DLNA

In 2012 the Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) announced it supported IEEE 1901 standards.[10]

SAE and IEC 62196

The SAE J1772 and IEC 62196 standards for electric vehicle charging include IEEE 1901 as the standard for power line communication between the vehicle, off-board DC charging station, and the smart grid, without requiring an additional pin; SAE International and the IEEE Standards Association are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification.[11]

IEEE 1905.1

IEEE 1901 is the powerline communication standard supported by the IEEE 1905.1 Standard for a Convergent Digital Home Network.[12]

Description

The 1901 standards include two different physical layers, one based on FFT orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and another based on wavelet OFDM modulation. Each PHY is optional, and implementers of the specification may, but are not required to, include both. The FFT PHY is derived from HomePlug AV technology and is deployed in HomePlug-based products. The Wavelet PHY is derived from HD-PLC technology and is deployed in HD-PLC-based products.[13] It goes up to 1024-QAM.

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) PHY includes a forward error correction (FEC) scheme based on convolutional turbo code (CTC). The second option "Wavelet PHY" includes a mandatory FEC based on concatenated Reed-Solomon (RS) and Convolutional code, and an option to use Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code.[14]

On top of these two physical layers, two different Media Access Control (MAC) layers were defined; one for In-home networking and the other for Internet access.[15] Two MACs were needed because each application has different requirements.

To manage coexistence between PHYs and MACs the Inter-System Protocol (ISP) was developed. ISP enables various BPL devices and systems to share communication resources (frequency/time) when installed in a network with common electrical wiring. ISP allows 1901-compliant devices and ITU-T G.hn- compliant devices to co-exist. The protocol provides configurable frequency division for Access and time division for in-home with a granularity compatible with the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the most demanding audio and video applications.[16]

An amendment in 2019, IEEE 1901a-2019, defines a more flexible way of separating wavelet OFDM channels for Internet of Things applications.[17]

Another trade group called the HomeGrid Forum was formed in 2008 to promote the ITU-T home networking standards known as G.hn. Recommendation ITU-T G.9972 approved in June 2010, specifies a coexistence mechanism for home networking transceivers capable of operating over powerline wiring. This recommendation is based on IEEE 1901 ISP.[18]

IEEE 1675 was approved in 2008. It provided testing and verification standards for the hardware commonly used for broadband over power line (BPL) installations (primarily couplers and enclosures) and standard installation methods to ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards.[19]

Other IEEE standards sponsored by the Power line Communication Standards Committee:[20]

  • "IEEE P1909.1".: Recommended Practice for Smart Grid Communication Equipment -Test methods and installation requirements
  • "IEEE 1905.1".: Standard for a Convergent Digital Home Network for Heterogeneous Technologies.[12]
  • "IEEE 1775".: Power Line Communication EMC Working Group.

Derived standards

The two standards below and their amendments are also written by the same committee. Despite the different bandwidths and frequencies addressed, they are based on similar technologies specialized to their main areas of use. All three include provisions for cryptographic security and authentication.[20]

  • IEEE 1901.1: Mid Frequency (less than 12 MHz) Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications. It uses either type of OFDM, can use TDMA or CSMA, and modulates up to 16-QAM. It has provisions for ISP.[21]
  • IEEE 1901.2: Low Frequency (less than 500 kHz) Narrow Band Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications. It was authorized in 2010 and approved as standard by October 2012. It supports data rates of up to 500 kbps.[22] It only uses FFT OFDM. It supports CSMA or a frequency-notching collision avoidance (FDMA-like), although analyses tend to believe that the CSMA mechanism will be used less often as it requires a preamble to be sent, while FDMA is naturally supported as a part of adaptive tone (frequency) picking.[23] Compared to the other two standards, it has most parts simplified or minified due to the lower speed and more limited scope of use. It modulates up to 16-QAM, supports up to 72 kV grids, and has provisions for sending data across a transformer. It also describes possibility of interoperability with G3-PLC/PRIME CENELEC A.[22]

An IETF RFC Draft address the higher layers of the protocol, namely the specifics of passing IPv6 packets over the PHY and MAC layers of PLC systems like IEEE 1901. 6LoWPAN was previously used for this purpose, but it does not match the use case exactly.[24]

Availability

The IEEE 1901 standards are promoted by trade groups such as the HomePlug Powerline Alliance and the HD-PLC Alliance.[25] Panasonic is a member of the HD-PLC Alliance, and licenses its patents and technologies that support IEEE 1901.[26] K-Micro (also a member) announced a product in 2011.[27] The Qualcomm Hy-Fi networking marketing program combines IEEE 1901 (on AC outlets in every room) with IEEE 802.11ad (which does not penetrate walls) branded as Wi-Fi.

Because IEEE 1905 includes and requires IEEE 1901 compliance, it and the nVoy certification regime indicate 1901 compliance also. Generally consumers rely on the nVoy mark to show that the device supports IEEE 1901 gigabit networks.

See also

References
  1. Nayagam, Arun; Rajkotia, Purva R.; Krishnam, Manjunath.; Rindchen, Markus. (February 2014). "chapter 13". In Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M. (eds.). IEEE 1901: Broadband over Power Line Networks. CRC Press. pp. 391–426. ISBN 9781466557529. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.
  2. "Final IEEE 1901 Broadband Over Power Line Standard Now Published". Press release. IEEE Standard Association. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  3. Jean-Philippe Faure (May 2011). "The Realities of IEEE 1901's Ratification". IEEE Smart Grid.
  4. "IEEE 1901 Access System: An Overview of Its Uniqueness and Motivation" (PDF). Morse.colorado.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  5. "Fairness of MAC Protocols: IEEE 1901 vs. 802.11" (PDF). Infoscience.epfl.ch. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  6. Jean-Philippe Faure (December 2011). "Power Line Communication Standard Committee". Official web site. IEEE Communication Society. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  7. ITU-T (June 2010). "G.9972 : Coexistence mechanism for wireline home networking transceivers". Official web site.
  8. NIST SGIP (1 June 2012). "NISTIR 7862". Official web site.
  9. NIST SGIP (31 January 2013). "SGIP Catalog of Standards". Official web site.
  10. DLNA (12 March 2012). "DLNA® Approves HomePlug AV and HD-PLC Powerline Networking for Increased Digital Home Connectivity". Press release. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  11. Pokrzywa, Jack; Reidy, Mary (12 August 2011). "SAE's J1772 'combo connector' for ac and dc charging advances with IEEE's help". SAE International. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  12. Cohen, Etan G.; Ho, Duncan; Mohanty, Bibhu P.; Rajkotia, Purva R. (February 2014). "chapter 15". In Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M. (eds.). IEEE 1905.1: Convergent Digital Home Networking. CRC Press. pp. 391–426. ISBN 9781466557529.
  13. "HD-PLC Alliance products". Official web site. December 2012.
  14. Stefano Galli, O. Logvinov (July 2008). "Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line Communications within the IEEE". IEEE Communications Magazine. 46 (7): 64–71. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2008.4557044.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) An overview of P1901 PHY/MAC proposal.
  15. S. Goldfisher, S. Tanabe, "IEEE 1901 access system: An overview of its uniqueness and motivation", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 10, October 2010, pp. 150–157.
  16. IEEE-SA (18 June 2009). "IEEE Broadband Over Power Lines Working Group Approves Provisions for MAC/PHY and Inter-System Protocol" (PDF).
  17. "IEEE 1901a-2019 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment: Enhancement for Internet of Things applications". standards.ieee.org.
  18. "G.9972 : Coexistence mechanism for wireline home networking transceivers". ITU-T. November 2011.
  19. "IEEE STD 1675-2008: IEEE standard for broadband over power line hardware". 7 January 2009. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4747595. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. "Active Working Groups and Projects". Power Line Communications Standards Committee.; "Published Standards". Power Line Communications Standards Committee.
  21. "IEEE 1901.1-2018: Standard for Medium Frequency (less than 12 MHz) Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications". doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2018.8360785. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. "IEEE 1901.2-2013: Standard for Low-Frequency (less than 500 kHz) Narrowband Power Line Communications for Smart Grid Applications". doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2013.6679210. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. LeClare, Jim; Niktash, Afshin; Levi, Victor (22 May 2013). "APPLICATION NOTE 5676: An Overview, History, and Formation of IEEE P1901.2 for Narrowband OFDM PLCr". Maxim Integrated.
  24. Liu, Bing; Hou, Jianqiang; Perkins, Charles; Tang, Xiaojun; Hong, Yong-Geun. "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over PLC Networks". tools.ietf.org.
  25. "Standards & Certification". HD-PLC Alliance. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  26. Panasonic (7 June 2010). "Panasonic Begins Licensing 'HD-PLC' Patents and Technologies". Official web site.
  27. HD-PLC Alliance (25 July 2011). "The World First IEEE 1901 full compliant LSI is Ready for Stamping HD-PLC logo".
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