Ice XII

Ice XII is a metastable, dense, crystalline phase of solid water, a type of ice. Ice XII was first reported in 1996 by C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs and, after initial caution, was properly identified in 1998.

The crystal structure of ice XII

It was first obtained by cooling liquid water to 260 K (−13 °C; 8 °F) at a pressure of 0.55 gigapascals (5,400 atm). Ice XII was discovered existing within the phase stability region of ice V. Later research showed that ice XII could be created outside that range. Pure ice XII can be created from ice I_h at 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F) by rapid compression (0.81-1.00 GPa/min) or by warming high density amorphous ice at pressures between 0.8 to 1.6 gigapascals (7,900 to 15,800 atm). The proton-ordered form of ice XII is ice XIV.

While it is similar in density (1.29 g/cm³ at 127 K (−146 °C; −231 °F)) to ice IV (also found in the ice V space) it exists as a tetragonal crystal. Topologically it is a mix of seven- and eight-membered rings, a 4-connected net (4-coordinate sphere packing)—the densest possible arrangement without hydrogen bond interpenetration.

Ordinary water ice is known as ice I_h, (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XVI, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.