Ice house (building)

An Ice house, or icehouse, is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, close to natural sources of winter ice such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

For mobile structure used in ice fishing, see ice shanty.
Boboli Gardens, Florence, Italy: domed icehouse (ghiacciaia) half-sunk into a shaded slope

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months. The main application of the ice was the storage of foods, but it could also be used simply to cool drinks, or in the preparation of ice-cream and sorbet desserts. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 2,700 tonnes (3,000 short tons) of ice in a 30-by-100-foot (9 by 30 m) and 14-metre-high (45 ft) building.[1]

History
Ice house near Arcen Castle in Arcen, Netherlands.

A cuneiform tablet from c. 1780 BC records the construction of an icehouse by Zimri-Lim, the King of Mari, in the northern Mesopotamian town of Terqa, "which never before had any king built."[2] In China, archaeologists have found remains of ice pits from the 7th century BC, and references suggest that these were in use before 1100 BC. Alexander the Great stored snow in pits dug for that purpose around 300 BC. In Rome, in the 3rd century AD, snow was imported from the mountains, stored in straw-covered pits, and sold from snow shops. The ice that formed in the bottom of the pits sold at a higher price than the snow on top.[3]

In the United Kingdom
The ice house entrance, Eglinton Country Park, Scotland

The ice house was introduced to Britain around 1660. Various types and designs of ice house exist but British ice houses were commonly brick-lined, domed structures, with most of their volume underground. Ice houses varied in design depending on the date and builder, but were usually conical or rounded at the bottom to hold melted ice. They usually had a drain to take away the melt-water. It is recorded that the idea for ice houses was brought to Britain by travellers who had seen similar arrangements in Italy, where peasants collected ice from the mountains and used it to keep food fresh inside caves.[4] Ice houses were also known as ice wells, ice pits or ice mounds. Game larders and venison larders were sometimes marked on Ordnance Survey maps as ice houses. Bruce Walker, an expert on Scottish Vernacular buildings, has suggested that relatively numerous and usually long-ruined ice houses on country estates have led to Scotland's many legends of secret tunnels.[5]

Ice was often imported into the UK from Scandinavia until the 1920s, although from around 1900 the import of ice declined sharply owing to the development of factories in the UK where ice was made artificially. Usually, only large mansions had purpose-built buildings to store ice. Many examples of ice houses exist in the UK, some of which have fallen into disrepair.

Good examples of 19th-century ice houses can be found at Ashton Court, Bristol, Albrighton, Bridgnorth, Grendon, Warwickshire, and at Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich, Suffolk, Petworth House, Sussex, Danny House, Sussex, Ayscoughfee Hall, Spalding, Rufford Abbey, Eglinton Country Park in Scotland, Parlington Hall in Yorkshire and Croxteth Hall Liverpool, Burghley House, Stamford and Moggerhanger Park, Moggerhanger, Bedfordshire. An unusual example of an ice house that was converted from a redundant brick springhead can be found in the former grounds of Norton House, Midsomer Norton, Somerset.[6] The largest surviving ice house in the UK is the Tugnet Ice House in Spey Bay. It was built in 1830, and used to store ice for packing salmon caught in the River Spey before transportation to market in London.[7]

The ice house at Moggerhanger Park, Moggerhanger, Bedfordshire

In 2018, the very large Park Crescent West ice well was discovered in Park Crescent, London. It was created for Samuel Dash in the early 1780s for commercial use before the building of the John Nash crescent was begun in 1806. This ice house is 9.5 metres (31 ft) deep, and 7.5 metres (25 ft) wide,[8] and is only a few metres away from the Jubilee line on the London Underground. Originally used for the storage of local ice taken from the River Thames in the winter months, it was taken over in the 1820s by the ice merchant William Leftwich, who used it for storing imported ice from the frozen lakes of Norway.[9]

A pair of commercial ice wells has been preserved in London, beneath what is now the London Canal Museum at King's Cross. They are around 30 feet in diameter and were originally 42 feet deep. They were built in 1857 and 1863 by the Swiss entrepreneur Carlo Gatti.[10]

In the Republic of Ireland

In 1985, a passage was discovered beneath Ardgillan Castle in Co. Dublin, Republic of Ireland. This passage was found to be the ice house that had been known to exist on the grounds, but whose location had not been rediscovered until this date.[11]

In the United States
An abanonded c. 1930 commercial ice house near Ambler's Texaco Station in Dwight, Illinois, United States
Former icehouse in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City

Ice houses allowed a trade in ice that was a major part of the early economy of the New England region of the United States, which saw fortunes made by people who transported ice in straw-packed ships to the southern states and throughout the Caribbean Sea. Most notable was Frederic Tudor (known as Boston's "Ice King") who formed the Tudor Ice Company in the early 19th century. In winter months, ice was chipped from a lake surface and often dragged by sled to the ice house. In summer months, icemen delivered it to residences in ice-wagons; the ice would then be stored in an icebox, which was used much like a modern refrigerator.

As home and business refrigeration became more commonplace, ice houses fell into disuse, and the home ice delivery business declined until it had virtually disappeared by the late 1960s. Smaller ice houses, often no more than a sawdust pile covered by a makeshift roof or tarpaulin, continued to be maintained for storing ice for use in local events such as fairs. Today, most ice for daily consumption is made in a home freezer, while bulk ice is manufactured, distributed and sold like other retail commodities.

Southern ice houses

In Texas, former ice houses are a cultural tradition. Ice merchants diversified to sell groceries and cold beer, serving as early convenience stores and local gathering places. The widespread 7-Eleven chain of convenience stores in the U.S., first known as Tote'm Stores, developed from ice houses operated by the Southland ice manufacturing company in Dallas and San Antonio in the 1930s.[12] Many Texas ice houses have since converted into open-air bars. In central Texas, southeast Texas (especially the Houston area), and the Texas Hill Country, the word "icehouse" has become a colloquialism for an establishment that derives the majority of its income from the sale of cold beer.[13]

Southland was not the only company in the Southern U.S. to develop a convenience-store corporation from an ice business. Munford, Incorporated, of Atlanta began in the early 20th century by vending both ice and coal from mule-drawn wagons, as the Atlantic Ice and Coal Company.[14] By the 1970s, Munford, Inc. was operating a large chain of convenience stores with the name Majik Market (the company was sold in 1988 and filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990).[15]

Persia
Yakhchāl in Yazd, Iran

While most European and U.S. ice houses conserve ice by insulation, elsewhere evaporative cooling (and diurnal heat reservoir) techniques have been used. One ancient type of cooling structure is the yakhchāl.

The structure had a domed shape above ground with a subterranean storage space. It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well. These structures were mainly built and used in Persia. Many that were built hundreds of years ago remain standing.[16]

See also

References
  1. Ward, Tom (December 1975). Cowtown: An album of early Calgary. City of Calgary Electric System, McClelland & Stewart. p. 192. ISBN 9780771210129.
  2. Stephanie Dalley (1 May 2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Gorgias Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781931956024.
  3. Peter J. James; Nick Thorpe (October 1995). Ancient Inventions. Ballantine Books. p. 321. ISBN 9780345401021.
  4. The AA (December 1973). Book of the British Countryside. Drive Publications. p. 249. ISBN 9780903356114.
  5. Walker, David Bruce (1978). Keeping it Cool. Edinburgh & Dundee: Scottish Vernacular buildings Working Group. pp. 564–565.
  6. "The Survey of Bath and District, No.22" (PDF). The Journal of the Survey of Old Bath and its Associates. October 2007. p. 6. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  7. Walker and Woodworth (2015). The Buildings of Scotland – Aberdeenshire North and Moray. Newhaven and London: Yale University Press. p. 752. ISBN 9780300204285.
  8. Addley, Esther (28 December 2018). "Chilling discovery: ice house found under London street". The Guardian.
  9. "Inside London's lost ice house". BBC News. BBC. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  10. "The ice wells: underground ice storage wells". Canal Museum. London Canal Museum. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  11. "Ardgillan Park". ardgillancastle.ie. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  12. "7-Eleven, Inc. History". fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  13. The Kitchen Sisters (30 June 2006). "Texas Icehouses Melt Away". National Public Radio inc. NPR.
  14. Dillard Munford (1974). Munford, Inc.: A Brief History. Newcomen. pp. 2, 8. ASIN B0006CA9TO.
  15. "Majik Market Not Alone". Orlando Sentinel. 4 January 1990. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  16. [Archaology world: 2400-year-old Persian refrigerator]

Further reading
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