Ikhwan revolt

The Ikhwan Revolt began in 1927, when the tribesmen of the Otaibah and Mutayr and Ajman rebelled against the authority of Ibn Saud and engaged in cross-border raids into parts of Trans-Jordan, Mandatory Iraq and the Emirate of Kuwait.[2] The relationship between the House of Saud and the Ikhwan deteriorated into an open bloody feud in December 1928.[1] The main instigators of the rebellion were defeated in the Battle of Sabilla, on 29 March 1929.[3] Ikhwan tribesmen and troops loyal to Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud clashed again in the Jabal Shammar region in August 1929,[1] and Ikhwan tribesmen attacked the Awazim tribe on 5 October 1929. Faisal al-Dawish, the main leader of the rebellion and the Mutair tribe, fled to Kuwait in October 1929 before being detained by the British and handed over to Ibn Saud.[4] Faisal Al-Dawish would die in Riyadh on 3 October 1931 from what appears to have been a heart condition.[4] Government troops had finally suppressed the rebellion on 10 January 1930, when other Ikhwan rebel leaders surrendered to the British.[1] In the aftermath, the Ikhwan leadership was slain,[5] and the remains were eventually incorporated into regular Saudi units. Sultan bin Bajad, one of the three main Ikhwan leaders, was killed in 1931, while al-Dawish died in prison in Riyadh on 3 October 1931.[1]

Ikhwan Revolt
Part of Unification of Saudi Arabia

Flag of Ikhwan
Date1927–1930
Location
Mandatory Iraq
Kuwaiti Emirate
Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz
Result Saudi victory
Belligerents
Ikhwan

Ibn Saud's Army

  • Allied Arab clans
United Kingdom
Kuwait
Commanders and leaders
Sultan bin Bajad
Faisal al-Dawish		 Ibn Saud Abdul-Aziz
Fawzi al-Qawuqji
Strength
47,000[1] 30,000[1]
Casualties and losses
500 in Battle of Sabilla[1]
450 in Jabal Shammar		 200 in Battle of Sabilla[1]
500 in Jabal Shammar

About 100 killed in the raids
700 killed in Sabilla
1,000 killed in Jabal Shammar
250 killed in raid on Awazim tribe

2,000 killed in total[1]

Background
Main article: Unification of Saudi Arabia

At the beginning of the 20th century, Arabia was an arena of tribal wars, which had eventually led to unification under the leadership of Al Saud. The main tool for achieving these conquests was the Ikhwan, the Wahhabist-Bedouin tribal army led by Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaibi and Faisal al-Dawish.[6][7] From the Saudi core in Nejd, and aided by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the Ikhwan had completed the conquest of the territory that was to become Saudi Arabia by the end of 1925. On 10 January 1926 Abdul-Aziz declared himself King of the Hejaz and, then, on 27 January 1927 he took the title of King of Nejd (his previous title had been 'Sultan').

Undermining the authority of Ibn Saud
Main article: Ikhwan raid on Busayya

After the conquest of the Hejaz, some Ikhwan leaders wanted to continue the expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait. The tribesmen had already tried to gain territory in the Kuwait-Najd Border War and raids on Transjordan, but they suffered heavy casualties. Defying Ibn Saud, elements of the Ikhwan, mainly consisting of the Mutair tribe under al-Dawish, launched a raid on southern Iraq on 5 November 1927, clashing with Iraqi troops near Busayya, resulting in some 20 casualties on both sides.[1] Elements of the Ikhwan also raided Kuwait in January 1928. On both occasions, they looted camels and sheep. Though they raided brutally, they suffered heavy retaliation from the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and Kuwaitis.[8]

In order to settle the issue a meeting, Al Jam'iyah Al 'Umumiyah (the General Assembly or the Al Riyadh Conference), was held by Ibn Saud in Riyadh in November 1928.[9] The participants were 800 individuals including several tribe and clan leaders who were part of Ikhwan and significant members of religious body or ulema.[9]

In January 1929, an Ikhwan raid on the Sheikhdom of Kuwait resulted in the killing of an American missionary, Dr. Bilkert, who was traveling by car with another American, the philanthropist Charles Crane.[10] With no signs of Ibn Saud mobilizing his forces to rein in the Ikhwan and stop the raids, RAF resources were extended to Kuwait.[10]

Open revolt

Ibn Saud, however, refused to agree to the wild Ikhwani raids. Although the Ikhwan had been taught that all non-Wahabbis were infidels, Abdul-Aziz was well aware that the few parts of central Arabia not part of his realm had treaties with London. He himself had just won British recognition as an independent ruler only a year earlier and recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. The Ikhwan therefore openly revolted in December 1928.

Battle of Sabilla

The largest confrontation of the parties occurred in 1929, known as Battle of Sabilla, where the Ikhwan leadership were killed.[5] The battle started in the early hours on 31 March 1929.[11] It lasted only for one hour due to evident superiority of forces of Ibn Saud.[11]

The Battle of Sabilla was the last major battle of camel raiders, thus having historic importance. It had become a scene of carnage for the technologically mediocre Ikhwan against the cavalry and machine-guns of Ibn Saud's army. In the aftermath of the battle some 500 Ikhwan tribesmen died, whereas Ibn Saud's losses were about 200.[1]

Battle of Jabal Shammar
Main article: Battle of Jabal Shammar (1929)

Ikhwan-affiliated tribesmen and loyal Saudi troops clashed again in the Jabal Shammar region in August 1929, resulting in the deaths of some 1,000 men.[1]

Attack on Awazim tribe

Despite their losses, the remnant of the Ikhwan tribesmen went on with their rebellion by attacking the Awazim tribe in Arabia on 5 October 1929, resulting in the deaths of some 250 individuals.

Final accords

Faisal Al-Dawish fled to Kuwait in October 1929, and government troops finally suppressed the rebellion on 10 January 1930, when Ikhwan rebel leaders surrendered to the British.[1]

Aftermath
Main article: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

In the aftermath, the Ikhwan leadership was slain,[5] and the remains were eventually incorporated into regular Saudi units. Sultan bin Bajad, one of the main Ikhwan leaders, was killed in 1931, whereas Faisal al-Dawish died in prison in Riyadh on 3 October 1931.[1]

In September 1932, the two kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[1]

See also

References
  1. University of Central Arkansas, Middle East/North Africa/Persian Gulf Region
  2. Harold, Dickson. [Kuwait and her Neighbors], "George Allen & Unwin Ltd", 1956. pp. 300–302
  3. "Battle of Sibilla (Arabian history) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 29 March 1929. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  4. Dickson
  5. 'Arabian Sands' by Wilfred Thesiger, 1991, pp. 248-249
  6. King Abdul Aziz Information Resource Archived 13 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 19 January 2011
  7. 'Arabian Sands' by Wilfred Thesiger, 1991
  8. Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.45
  9. Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al Azma (1999). "The role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul'Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934" (PhD Thesis). Durham University. p. 180. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  10. Leatherdale, Clive. Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: the Imperial Oasis. p.115.
  11. Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al Azma (1999). "The role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul'Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934" (PhD Thesis). Durham University. p. 211. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
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