Sheikhdom of Kuwait

Kuwait was founded in 1613 AD as a fishing village known as Grane (Kureyn). The region soon came under the rule of the Bani Khalid Emirate in 1670 after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Eastern Arabia (Lahsa Eyalet) by Barrack bin Ghurayr, Emir of the Bani Khalid, who successfully besieged the Ottoman governor Umar Pasha who surrendered and gave up his rule as the fourth Ottoman governor of al-Hasa.[1][2][3]

The families of the Bani Utbah finally arrived in Kuwait in 1713 AD and settled after receiving permission from the Emir of al-Hasa Sa'dun bin Muhammad who ruled from 1691–1722 AD. The Utubs didn't immediately settle in Kuwait however, they roamed for half a century before finally settling. They first left the region of central Arabia and settled themselves in what is now Qatar, after a quarrel between them and some of the inhabitants of the region they departed and settled near Umm Qasr in December of 1701 AD. living as brigands, raiding passing caravans and levying taxes over the shipping of the Shatt al-Arab.[4] Due to these practices, they were driven out of the area by the Ottoman Mutasallim of Basra and later lived in Sabiyya an area bordering the north of Kuwait Bay, until finally requesting permission from the Bani Khalid to settle in Kuwait which was then under the rule of the Emir of al-Hasa who himself was of the Bani Khalid.[5]

In 1718, the head of each family in the town of Kuwait gathered and chose Sabah I bin Jaber as the Sheikh of Kuwait becoming a governor of sorts underneath the Emir of Al Hasa. During this time as well, the power in governance was split between the Al Sabah, Al Khalifa, and Al Jalahma families in which the Al Sabah will have control over the reins of power whereas the Al Khalifa were in charge of trade and the flow of money, and the Jalahma would be in charge over work in the sea.

In 1752, Kuwait became independent after an agreement between the Sheikh of Kuwait and the Emir of Al Hasa in which Al Hasa recognised Sabah I bin Jaber's independent rule over Kuwait and in exchange Kuwait would not ally itself or support the enemies of Al Hasa or interfere in the internal affairs of Al Hasa in any way.

Map of kuwait in 1803

In the eighteenth century, Kuwait prospered and rapidly became the principal commercial centre for the transit of goods between India, Muscat, Baghdad and Arabia.[6][7] By the mid 1700s, Kuwait had already established itself as the major trading route from the Persian Gulf to Aleppo.[8]

During the Persian siege of Basra in 1775–1779, Iraqi merchants took refuge in Kuwait and were partly instrumental in the expansion of Kuwait's boat-building and trading activities.[9] As a result, Kuwait's maritime commerce boomed.[9] Between the years 1775 and 1779, the Indian trade routes with Baghdad, Aleppo, Smyrna and Constantinople were diverted to Kuwait.[8] The English Factory was diverted to Kuwait in 1792, which consequently expanded Kuwait's resources beyond fishing and pearling.[8] The English Factory secured the sea routes between Kuwait, India and the east coasts of Africa.[8] This allowed Kuwaiti vessels to venture all the way to the pearling banks of Sri Lanka and trade goods with India and East Africa.[8] Kuwait was also the center for all caravans carrying goods between Basra, Baghdad and Aleppo during 1775–1779.[10]

Kuwait's strategic location and regional geopolitical turbulence helped foster economic prosperity in Kuwait in the second half of the 18th century.[11] Kuwait became wealthy due to Basra's instability in the late 18th century.[10] In the late 18th century, Kuwait partly functioned as a haven for Basra's merchants fleeing Ottoman government persecution.[12] Economic prosperity in the late 18th century attracted many immigrants from Iran and Iraq to Kuwait.[8] By 1800, it was estimated that Kuwait's sea trade reached 16 million Bombay rupees, a substantial amount at that time.[8] Kuwait's pre-oil population was ethnically diverse.[13] The population consisted of Arabs, Persians, Africans, Jews and Armenians.

Kuwait was the center of boat building in the Persian Gulf region in the nineteenth century until the early twentieth century.[14] Ship vessels made in Kuwait carried the bulk of international trade between the trade ports of India, East Africa, and Red Sea.[15][16][17] Boats made in Kuwait were capable of sailing up to China.[18] Kuwaiti ship vessels were renowned throughout the Indian Ocean for quality and design.[18][19] Kuwaitis also developed a reputation as the best sailors in the Persian Gulf.[20]

Kuwait was divided into three areas: Sharq, Jibla and Mirqab.[21] Sharq and Jibla were the most populated areas.[21] Sharq was mostly inhabited by Persians (Ajam).[21] Jibla was inhabited by immigrants from Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Bahrain.[21] Mirgab was lightly populated by butchers.

Kuwait was a central part of the trade in frankincense from Oman, textiles from China, and Indian spices, all destined for lucrative European markets.[22] Kuwait was also significant in the horse trade,[23] horses were regularly shipped by the way of sailing boats from Kuwait.[23] In the mid 19th century, it was estimated that Kuwait was exporting an average of 800 horses to India annually.[11]

In the early 20th century, Kuwait was dubbed the "Marsielles of the Gulf" because its economic vitality attracted a large variety of people.[24] In a good year, Kuwait's annual revenue actually came up to 100,000 riyals,[12] the governor of Basra considered Kuwait's annual revenue an astounding figure.[12] A Western author's account of Kuwait in 1905:[25]

Kuwait was the Marseilles of the Persian Gulf. Its population was good natured, mixed, and vicious. As it was the outlet from the north to the Gulf and hence to the Indies, merchants from Bombay and Tehran, Indians, Persians, Syrians from Aleppo and Damascus, Armenians, Turks and Jews, traders from all the East, and some Europeans came to Kuwait. From Kuwait, the caravans set out for Central Arabia and for Syria. H. C. Armstrong, Lord of Arabia[25]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Kuwait had a well-established elite: wealthy trading families who were linked by marriage and shared economic interests.[26] The elite were long-settled, urban, Sunni families, the majority of which claim descent from the original 30 Bani Utubi families.[26] The wealthiest families were trade merchants who acquired their wealth from long-distance commerce, shipbuilding and pearling.[26] They were a cosmopolitan elite, they traveled extensively to India, Africa and Europe.[26] The elite educated their sons abroad more than other Gulf Arab elite.[26] Western visitors noted that the Kuwaiti elite used European office systems, typewriters and followed European culture with curiosity.[26] The richest families were involved in general trade.[26] The merchant families of Al-Ghanim and Al-Hamad were estimated to be worth millions before the 1940s.[26]

A piece of clothing used by Kuwaiti divers searching for pearls, Al-Hashemi-II Marine Museum in Kuwait City

In the early 20th century, Kuwait immensely declined in regional economic importance,[18] mainly due to many trade blockades and the world economic depression.[27] Before Mary Bruins Allison visited Kuwait in 1934, Kuwait lost its prominence in long distance trade.[18] During World War I, the British Empire imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait because Kuwait's ruler (Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah) supported the Ottoman Empire, who was in the Central Powers.[27][28][29] The British economic blockade heavily damaged Kuwait's economy.[29]

The Great Depression negatively impacted Kuwait's economy starting in the late 1920s.[30] International trading was one of Kuwait's main sources of income before oil.[30] Kuwaiti merchants were mostly intermediary merchants.[30] As a result of European decline of demand for goods from India and Africa, the economy of Kuwait suffered. The decline in international trade resulted in an increase in gold smuggling by Kuwaiti ships to India.[30] Some Kuwaiti merchant families became rich due to gold smuggling to India.[31]

Kuwait's pearling industry also collapsed as a result of the worldwide economic depression.[31] At its height, Kuwait's pearling industry led the world's luxury market, regularly sending out between 750 and 800 ship vessels to meet the European elite's need for luxuries pearls.[31] During the economic depression, luxuries like pearls were in little demand.[31] The Japanese invention of cultured pearls also contributed to the collapse of Kuwait's pearling industry.[31]

Following the Kuwait–Najd War of 1919–1920, Ibn Saud imposed a tight trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937.[27][30] The goal of the Saudi economic and military attacks on Kuwait was to annex as much of Kuwait's territory as possible.[27] At the Uqair conference in 1922, the boundaries of Kuwait and Najd were set.[27] Kuwait had no representative at the Uqair conference.[27] After the Uqair conference, Kuwait was still subjected to a Saudi economic blockade and intermittent Saudi raiding.[27]

In 1937, Freya Stark wrote about the extent of poverty in Kuwait at the time:[30]

Poverty has settled in Kuwait more heavily since my last visit five years ago, both by sea, where the pearl trade continues to decline, and by land, where the blockade established by Saudi Arabia now harms the merchants.

Some prominent merchant families left Kuwait in the early 1930s due to the prevalence of economic hardship. At the time of the discovery of oil in 1937, most of Kuwait's inhabitants were impoverished.

The Kuwait–Najd War erupted in the Aftermath of World War I, when the Ottoman Empire was defeated and the British invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an "independent sheikhdom under British protectorate". The power vacuum, left by the fall of the Ottomans, sharpened the conflict between Kuwait and Najd (Ikhwan). The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920. Several hundreds of Kuwaitis died.

The border of the Najd and Kuwait was finally established by the Uqair Protocol of 1922. Kuwait was not permitted any role in the Uqair agreement, the British and Al Saud decided modern-day Kuwait's borders. After the Uqair agreement, relations between Kuwait and Najd remained hostile.

The Battle of Jahra was a battle during the Kuwait-Najd Border War. The battle took place in Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City on October 10, 1920 between Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah ruler of Kuwait and Ikhwan followers of Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, king of Saudi Arabia.[34]

A force of 4000 Saudi Ikhwan, led by Faisal Al-Dawish, attacked the Kuwait Red Fort at Al-Jahra, defended by 2000 Kuwaiti men. The Kuwaitis were largely outnumbered by the Ikhwan of Najd.

Map Shows Kuwait Before And After Uqair Protocol of 1922

In response to the various Bedouin raids, the British High Commissioner in Baghdad, Sir Percy Cox, imposed the Uqair Protocol of 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq, Kuwait and Nejd. On 1 April 1923, Shaikh Ahmad al-Sabah wrote the British Political Agent in Kuwait, Major John More, "I still do not know what the border between Iraq and Kuwait is, I shall be glad if you will kindly give me this information." More, upon learning that al-Sabah claimed the outer green line of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention (4 April), would relay the information to Sir Percy.

On 19 April, Sir Percy stated that the British government recognised the outer line of the Convention as the border between Iraq and Kuwait. This decision limited Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf at 58 km of mostly marshy and swampy coastline. As this would make it difficult for Iraq to become a naval power (the territory did not include any deepwater harbours), the Iraqi King Faisal I (whom the British installed as a puppet king in Iraq) did not agree to the plan. However, as his country was under British mandate, he had little say in the matter. Iraq and Kuwait would formally ratify the border in August. The border was re-recognised in 1932.

In 1913, Kuwait was recognised as a separate province from Basra Vilayet and given autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty in the draft Anglo-Ottoman Convention, however this was not signed before the outbreak of the first World War. The border was revisited by a memorandum sent by the British high commissioner for Iraq in 1923, which became the basis for Kuwait's northern border. In Iraq's 1932 application to the League of Nations it included information about its borders, including its border with Kuwait, where it accepted the boundary established in 1923.[35]

The 1920s and 1930s saw the collapse of the pearl fishery and with it Kuwait's economy. This is attributed to the invention of the artificial cultivation of pearls.

The discovery of oil in Kuwait, in 1938, revolutionised the sheikdom's economy and made it a valuable asset to Britain. In 1941 on the same day as the German invasion of the USSR (22 June) the British took total control over Iraq and Kuwait. (The British and Soviets would invade the neighbouring Iran in September of that year).