Illegal drug trade in Japan

The illegal drug trade in Japan has a long history, influenced by various factors such as economy and war. As a developed country in Asia, Japan also faces the same serious drug abuse problem as the developed countries in Europe and the Americas. Japan's manufacturing industry is developed, and is one of the pillars of the national economy, but it is also very short of resources, therefore it needs to import a lot of raw materials from other countries. This has made Japan an important hub for the trade of goods in Asia, which in turn has allowed Japan's illegal drug trade to flourish.

Cultivation and processing

As early as the Yayoi period, hemp was cultivated and made into clothing. By the start of the Meiji period, hemp was widely cultivated in Japan as a medicine for treating asthma and as a raw material of hemp rope and hemp garments for fishing. At the end of the 19th century, marijuana was still widely grown as a military necessity, but various problems caused by marijuana use had been emerging in the United States since the beginning of the last century.[1] Since then, human beings have had a new understanding of cannabis, and the cultivation of cannabis in Japan has also been greatly affected. In the 1930s, mainstream American society began to believe that cannabis was extremely harmful, and the government began to formulate relevant measures against cannabis.[2] By the end of World War II, the prohibition of marijuana in the United States had influenced the prohibition of marijuana in Japan. Even so, the illegal cultivation and possession of marijuana cannot be totally banned. Now, indoor cultivation technology has been adopted in many areas of Japan.[3]

Drug abuse
Hemp plant.

The first epidemic of methamphetamine abuse in Japan began at the end of World War II. Since methamphetamine was not used much in the general population, the dependence and neurotoxicity caused by methamphetamine were not well known at the time.[4] They were used mainly by military personnel from the United States. After the Allied occupation of Japan, pharmaceutical companies and the military put methamphetamine stocks on the market. One report found that 550,000 people abused methamphetamine in the 12 years after the end of World War II.[5]

In the 1960s, as in many parts of the world, hippie culture flourished, and futen-zoku emerged as a Japanese version of the Western hippie. Although psychedelic use is a well-known aspect of the hippie subculture, such drugs are difficult to obtain in Japan.[6] For this reason hippies often turned to organic solvents instead. Japan experienced sustained economic growth until 1970, when growth suddenly slowed. Because of this, in the mid-1970s, Japanese drug dealers began to replace sulfuric acid with hydrochloric acid during processing, inadvertently creating solid methamphetamine hydrochloride, or crystal meth.[1] The second major instance of drug abuse was directly promoted by Japan's domestic yakuza groups, who organized the trafficking of methamphetamine. Yakuza groups built methamphetamine manufacturing plants in South Korea and Taiwan, and smuggled the drug into Japan to sell to students as well as the general public.[3] This is also a major factor in the rise of young drug users in Japan, and why intravenous drug users are more likely to use methamphetamine.[7] In 1980, 40 per cent of Japan's organic solvents and 40 per cent of its amphetamine-type drugs were abused.[3] After 1980, futen-zoku disappeared, since organic solvents were readily available, the abuse of organic solvents by young Japanese continued. Arrests related to abuse of organic solvents peaked at 36,796 in 1982 and then began to decline, falling sharply after 1992.[3]

Blue Crystal Meth

In the 1990s, the Japanese economy experienced a severe recession, which caused economic development to stagnate, and drug abuse increased once again. During this period, the novel use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms emerged in Japan.[3] At the same time, the prevalence of abuse shifted from organic solvents back to methamphetamine abuse, with a sharp decline in solvent-related arrests. These drugs come mainly from other Asian countries, such as China and South Korea.[3] This was a time when people could buy drugs directly from drug dealers via cell phones and pagers. Drug crime was also on the rise, with violence being linked to drug abuse. Also in the 1990s, the United States and Latin American countries intensified their war on drugs such as cocaine, and drug smugglers began to turn to the Japanese market, causing rapid growth in the circulation of cocaine in Japan.

Cannabis use in Japan has also increased in recent years.[8] One noticeable change in 2006 was that cannabis- related arrests in Japan outnumbered solvent-related arrests. The number of celebrity arrests for marijuana-related crimes also increased significantly. With the recent development of Internet technology, Japanese teenagers can obtain marijuana through multiple channels. Marijuana trade not only happens in college, but also gradually spreads to middle schools and even primary schools.[9]

Compared to North America or Europe, illegal drug use is highly taboo in Japan, and drug users are shunned from society. Even celebrities caught with drugs can suffer dire consequences to their reputations and careers.[10]

Trafficking

Trafficking groups

The number of drugs produced in Japan is relatively small, therefore almost all the drugs used by the people are smuggled from abroad, and neighboring countries and other Southeast Asian countries are important suppliers to Japan.[11]

In the mid-to-late 20th century, Japan's domestic criminal organizations were heavily involved in drug trafficking by establishing drug factories overseas, using local raw materials and labor, and then shipping manufactured goods back to Japan by sea. These methods maximize profits and are less risky than domestic production. With the efforts of the surrounding countries, these methods have been reduced in the 21st century.[3] It is reported that there are still some international airlines in China, Mexico and South Korea to obtain drugs after landing in a number of airports and ports in Japan. Some members of criminal organizations then use special methods to bring drugs into the country. The news was reported by Kenji Ogata in the Asahi Shimbun, one of Japan's largest publications.[11]

Ships used to be the main means of transport for drug smugglers, but when Japanese customs and police stepped up inspections around 2005, things became very different. In the 1990s, according to Japan's national police agency, it was common for police to seize up to a ton of performance-enhancing drugs over a year, when the main means of smuggling was by ship.[11] The crackdown has forced smugglers to switch to smaller shipments, including stashing drugs in luggage on flights to Japan.[11] As a result of these policies, drug trafficking in Japan has been greatly reduced for some time. Traffickers stepped up their smuggling activities after 2009, using more commercial flights as the main means of transporting drugs. For the whole of 2009, the total drug seizures again exceeded 200 kilograms.[11] Japan's national authority has sometimes instructed local police and customs to allow drug smugglers to make it past airport security in order to expose their in-country distribution routes. In recent years, suppliers of illicit drugs have spread to regions such as Nigeria and Uganda.[11] It has even been reported that drug trafficking is the main source of income for terrorist organizations in Africa. Japanese police say terrorist groups may have moved their operations to Japan in search of higher profits.

2016[12]

In total, 1,649 kilograms of drugs were seized in 2016, about 3.2 times the amount seized in the same period last year, according to the annual report by Japan customs. That's the second most since 2,186 kilograms in 1999, and the situation is dire. Among them, the seizure of methamphetamine significantly increased to 1,501 kg, about 3.6 times that of the same period last year, which is the highest record in history. The amount of methamphetamine seized could allow drug users in Japan to use it 503,000 times. According to the transport routes, 53 cases of smuggling of air passengers were detected, representing a significant increase, up 43% from the same period last year. Except for aviation, the number of drugs seized by all means has increased significantly, and large-scale smuggling activities have become prominent. Among them, two cases of drug smuggling by sea have been seized, which are not seen for many years.

In terms of the source of the seizures, China led the pack with 1,049 kilograms, 10.1 times the previous year, followed by Mexico with a total of 260 kilograms. The top five countries are the same as last year, with the share of the top three increasing to more than 90 percent of the total.

It's worth noting that marijuana detection is down 75 percent from last year, the lowest in the past. While still at high levels, the upward trend of the past two years has stopped, indicating that the volume of cannabis transactions has decreased.

2014[13]

In 2014, Japanese customs seized 390 cases of illegal drugs, an increase of 2% over the previous year, and seized about 630 kilograms of drugs, a decrease of 37% over the previous year. The number of seizures was 174, up 13 per cent from the same period last year. The seized weight was about 549 kilograms. Both quantity and weight are in the high data range. The number of contraband seizures made by air passengers was the second highest on record, with 30 cases in Thailand, representing a significant increase. There were 99 seizures of cannabis products with a seizure weight of about 74 kilograms, both of which had turned from a downward trend in the previous year to an upward trend.

2011[14]

Illegal drug trafficking cases increased by 10 percent to 326 in 2011 compared with 2010. About 509 kilograms of stimulants and cannabis powder drugs were seized, up 40 per cent on the previous year. Seizures of 20,000 MDMA, psychotropic drugs and other tablets were down 40 per cent from last year. The number of doping cases seized reached 185, which was the highest record at that time. It is worth noting that smugglers come from different nationalities around the world and that there has been a significant increase in the number of people with European nationality, as well as an increase in the number of cases involving juvenile smugglers.

2006[15]

In 2006, Japanese customs officers seized 378 cases of prohibited illicit drugs weighing 377 kilograms. About 80 percent of those arrested in connection with stimulants represented the most widespread illegal drug abuse in Japan at the time.

While China remained the largest smuggling source on the major routes in 2006, the number of smuggling cases from Canada and Malaysia increased. As for the smuggling methods, in addition to the smuggling of stimulant packages on the body by air passengers, sea passengers and cabin crew, and hiding stimulants in the international mail service, there are some new methods, such as soaking stimulant solution in bath towels and hiding cannabis in clothes racks.

Treaties and conventions

In July 1948, the Japanese government promulgated the cannabis control law, which clearly stipulated the cultivation, transportation, sales and personal use of cannabis. Without the approval of the government, the cultivation, possession or use of marijuana is not allowed, and even the collection of mature wild marijuana leaves is illegal. In March 1953, the Japanese government promulgated the "Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act" to control more drugs. At the same time, the ministry of narcotic drugs prohibition was also established as a special department for drug control.[16]

In 1972, Japan promulgated the "toxic drugs and strong drugs control act", which began to restrict the production and sale of organic solvents, but the problem of organic solvents drug abuse is still particularly serious.[16]

The Japanese government has gradually increased its emphasis on fighting drug crimes. In addition to legislative restrictions, in 2003 it formulated new strategy against drug abuse. In order to curb the increasingly rampant drug smuggling crimes, the Japanese government has also formulated the emergency measures to prevent drug smuggling.[16]

References
  1. "Asian drug problem documentary: Japan". www.360doc.com. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  2. Evans, Suzette M.; Foltin, Richard W. (2007). "Modulation of Smoked Cocaine by Oral Micronized Progesterone in Humans". doi:10.1037/e675892007-001. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Wada, Kiyoshi (January 2011). "The history and current state of drug abuse in Japan". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1216 (1): 62–72. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...62W. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05914.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 21272011.
  4. Japan. Kōseishō. (1970). A Brief account of narcotics abuse and counter-measures in Japan. Ministry of Health & Welfare. OCLC 11985197.
  5. Brewster, David (2018-06-18). "A Critical Assessment of Indications of the National Prevalence of Illegal Drug Use in Japan". Contemporary Drug Problems. 45 (4): 425–440. doi:10.1177/0091450918782498. ISSN 0091-4509.
  6. Suwaki, Hiroshi (1995). "Solvent Abuse Trends in Japan". doi:10.1037/e495812006-009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. WADA, KIYOSHI; FUKUI, SUSUMU (January 1993). "Prevalence of volatile solvent inhalation among junior high school students in Japan and background life style of users". Addiction. 88 (1): 89–100. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02766.x. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 8448518.
  8. "Trends in Illicit Drugs and Firearms Smuggling in Japan (2015 Edition) : Japan Customs". www.customs.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  9. Yamamoto, J. (2004). "Recent Trends of Drug Abuse in Japan". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1025 (1): 430–438. Bibcode:2004NYASA1025..430Y. doi:10.1196/annals.1316.053. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 15542746.
  10. Vorobyov, Niko (2019) Dopeworld. Hodder, UK. p. 93
  11. Hays, Jeffrey. "DRUG DEALERS, DRUG TRAFFICKING AND DRUG SMUGGLING IN JAPAN | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  12. "Trends in Illicit Drugs and Firearms Smuggling in Japan (2016 Edition) : Japan Customs". www.customs.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  13. "Trends in Illicit Drugs and Firearms Smuggling in Japan (2014 Edition) : Japan Customs". www.customs.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  14. "Trends in Illicit Drugs and Firearms Smuggling in Japan (2011 Edition) : Japan Customs". www.customs.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  15. "Trends in Illicit Drugs and Firearms Smuggling in Japan (2006 Edition) : Japan Customs". www.customs.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  16. Nakano, H. (2014-09-01). "Sy01-5 * Current Conditions and Treatment of Prescription Drug Abuse in Japan". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 49 (suppl_1): i3. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu052.5. ISSN 0735-0414.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.