Isaac Maliyamungu

President Milton Obote in 1960

Born in western Zaire,[8][9] Maliyamungu was a Christian of Kakwa ethnicity[10][11] and a cousin[12] or nephew of Idi Amin.[13][5] At some point, he migrated to Uganda, and got a job as gatekeeper at the Nyanza textile factory in Jinja.[3][14]

He joined the Uganda Army (UA) in 1967,[15] possibly recruited on Amin's orders. By then, Amin had risen to deputy commander of the Uganda Army.[8] In 1970 Maliyamungu was promoted to the rank of corporal[16] and served as pay clerk for the Uganda Army Air Force at Entebbe.[17] At the time, he was aiding Amin in secretly enlisting troops from the West Nile region and southern Sudan. These forces were trained in the Mabira Forest, and were part of Amin's preparations for a coup against President Milton Obote.[8] Maliyamungu eventually learned of Obote's intentions to arrest Amin, and warned his relative, whereupon they accelerated their coup plans.[18] He played a crucial role[15] in Amin's subsequent coup against Obote, and it was later claimed that he had rammed an armoured personnel carrier into an important armoury in the capital Kampala during the coup, ensuring that the putschists had access to necessary weapons. Another putschist, Moses Galla, has disputed this story, and stated that he had been the driver of the APC.[17] Maliyamungu's main task during the coup was to secure Entebbe airport. This he successfully did by driving a tank from the Malire Barracks to Entebbe,[15] and shooting at the airport entrance. He killed two priests by chance, and caused a panic among the airport's guards. The loyalist resistance of Entebbe thus collapsed, allowing Maliyamungu to take control almost unopposed.[8] His takeover of Entebbe impressed Amin, and Maliyamungu consequently won the favor of Uganda's new president.[14][19]

After the successful coup, Maliyamungu was one of the officers who were entrusted with defeating the remaining militant Obote loyalists and purging the Uganda Army of anti-Amin elements.[20][19][21] For this purpose, he was granted "unlimited powers to execute anyone in the army", including superior officers.[3] Alongside Colonel Ali, Colonel Musa, and Major Malera, Maliyamungu succeeded in defeating the armed resistance to the new regime, and proceeded to murder hundreds of political opponents.[20] He later boasted of "single-handedly mastermind[ing]" the mass murder of civilians suspected of being opposed to Amin.[22]

Maliyamungu was one of the closest confidants of President Idi Amin (pictured 1977).

Maliyamungu quickly became Amin's "right-hand man",[23] and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was appointed member of the Defence Council,[24] General Staff Officer I Grade responsible for training and operations[25] (de facto army chief of staff),[15] and commander of the Ordnance Depot at Magamaga.[24] In 1972 he served as acting commander of the Second Infantry Battalion based in Masaka.[26] In 1974, he transferred from head of the Ordnance Depot to commander of the Eagle Colonel Gaddafi Battalion, and was also given command of a mechanised regiment.[27] In April 1975, Maliyamungu left leadership of the Gaddafi Battalion to Hussein Mohammed, and was appointed head of an entire brigade. He consequently oversaw several units from an office in Jinja.[28]

Most importantly of all his commands, Maliyamungu headed the VIP Protection Unit (Amin's bodyguards and enforcers)[29] and played a major role in the State Research Bureau, Uganda's intelligence agency.[lower-alpha 2] Along with Major General Mustafa Adrisi, he was believed to effectively control the entire Ugandan armed forces,[32] and was regarded as the Ugandan President's "power base".[6] Knowing that his power derived from his influence over the soldiers, Maliyamungu reportedly turned down offers of cabinet posts to stay in the barracks. He was generally respected and feared among the common soldiers,[6] and held the power to beat or execute those who disappointed him[33] or were suspected of being disloyal to the Amin regime.[21] By 1977, he claimed to be the de facto heir of Amin due to his loyalty to the regime and reliability in carrying out the President's orders.[6]

In 1976, Maliyamungu was responsible for a major security blunder. Uganda's Ambassador to Lesotho, Isaac Lumago,[34] overheard a conversation by Kenya Air Force officers on 4 July. They discussed plans by Israel to carry out a raid against Entebbe to free hostages who were held there by Palestinian and German hijackers with assistance by the Ugandan government. The ambassador informed Maliyamungu,[35] but he regarded the report as "gasiya" (rubbish)[8] and took no action whatsoever.[35][lower-alpha 3] That same day, Israeli commandos carried out Operation Entebbe, freeing the hostages, and destroying one quarter of the Uganda Army Air Force.[37] While the raid took place, Maliyamungu was allegedly relaxing at a nearby hotel with a prostitute.[8] Following the raid, he had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, Maliyamungu shot 12 of them with his pistol.[38]

Over time, Amin's brutal regime was increasingly destabilized by internal divisions and economic problems despite great repression by state authorities.[39] One of Amin's policies that drew opposition even among his original followers was the great power he gave to Kakwa and Nubians, while leaving officials of other ethnicies underrepresented. As result, a group of officers led by Brigadier Charles Arube attempted to overthrow Amin and kill his Nubian/Kakwa followers, including Maliyamungu. In the end, the so-called Arube uprising failed.[40] Maliyamungu was also regarded as "prime target" for assassination by Ugandan exiles, as he controlled much of the Uganda Army's tank forces.[41] By 1978, Maliyamungu was one of the few remaining people who were regarded as trusted and loyal followers of Amin.[42] He was one of the officers who were responsible for enlisting 10,000 new soldiers for the Uganda Army in Sudan, Kibera (Kenya), and Uganda[43] around September 1978. This mass recruitment followed extensive purges in the military.[44]

Maliyamungu was known as Idi Amin's "hit man"[45] and "principal hangman".[46] The forces under his command used extreme methods in suppressing suspected dissidents.[47][24][48][4] Though there is no record of Maliyamungu behaving violently before the coup, after Amin's takeover he became one the new regime's most vicious officials.[49] He was reportedly feared by his colleagues on the Defence Council due to his brutality,[24] and by the rest of the army due to his great powers and close connection with President Amin.[3] Maliyamungu preferred to execute his victims by dismembering[8] or disemboweling them and driving military trucks[14][50] or tanks over them.[21][51] His reputation was such that people would panic whenever he came to visit an area.[8]

Maliyamungu was probably responsible for the murder of Janani Luwum (right statue, Westminster Abbey).

Maliyamungu was linked to the deaths of several prominent Ugandans during the rule of Amin. In 1972, he was responsible for the execution of Francis Walugembe, the popular former Mayor of Masaka.[52][14][53] Maliyamungu had previously come into conflict with Walugembe while the latter was mayor as the former tried to exert significant control over Masaka.[54] Maliyamungu first cut off Walugembe's genitals, then paraded him through Masaka's streets,[14] and finally "cut [him] into pieces in the [town's] market in full public view".[53][lower-alpha 4] He also chaired the show trial of Janani Luwum, Archbishop of the Church of Uganda, and other religious leaders in 1977. Luwum as well as his colleagues were murdered shortly after the trial.[3] According to Mustafa Adrisi (Vice President of Uganda at the time)[57] and a Human rights commission, Maliyamungu was directly responsible for their deaths.[15] Intelligence reports also implicate him in the killing of Kung'u Karumba, a friend of Prime Minister of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta and a prominent Kenyan nationalist. Maliyamungu's wife was reportedly indebted to Karumba, and the latter was murdered during a disagreement over the debts in June 1974.[58]

According to George Ivan Smith, President Amin, Vice President Adrisi, and Maliyamungu decided to order a purge of Langi and Acholi in northern Uganda in 1977. Thousands belonging to these ethnic groups, primarily men, were subsequently murdered.[59] Despite the widespread and brutal suppression of all dissidents, the power of the Amin regime increasingly detoriated in the late 1970s, as political and economic instability grew in Uganda. In response to these developments, Maliyamungu (by then promoted to brigadier) declared in a 1978 speech to 10,000 civilians that he would use tanks and bulldozers to destroy any area that was opposed to the government, proving to everyone that the regime "is hotter than a heated iron bar and not afraid to act".[45]

Like many other high-ranking officials under Amin, Maliyamungu used his power to enrich himself. When Amin ordered the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, Maliyamungu was placed on a committee to oversee the distribution of their wealth, taking much for himself.[60][61] He was also involved in coffee smuggling,[33][14] shipping large amounts of coffee with boats from Uganda across Lake Victoria to Kenya.[14] President Amin ordered his British advisor Bob Astles to clamp down on Maliyamungu's smuggling operations in 1978. According to Indian diplomat Madanjeet Singh, Maliyamungu responded by kidnapping and torturing Astles him before releasing him.[62][lower-alpha 5]

Maliyamungu also used his national position to intervene in sporting. In late 1975 he interrupted a session of the Uganda Amateur Athletics Association (UAAA) general assembly and declared his desire to lead the organisation. The assembly then unanimously elected him UAAA chairman. During this time he repeatedly intervened in the affairs of Uganda's national sport teams to oversee their preparations for the 1976 Summer Olympics. This came to naught as Uganda boycotted the event.[65]

Map of the Uganda–Tanzania War, including the Ugandan invasion of Kagera, the Battle of Masaka, and the Battle of Lukaya

When the Uganda–Tanzania War broke out under unclear circumstances in October 1978, the Uganda Army soon began to encounter serious difficulties. The Ugandan Invasion of Kagera was repelled by November 1978, as the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) launched a large-scale counter-offensive. After retaking Kagera, the Tanzanians advanced into Uganda.[66] At the time, Radio Tanzania falsely claimed that Amin had dismissed Maliyamungu and put him under house arrest.[67]

By February 1979, Maliyamungu was in command of the garrison at Masaka, which was one of the most important towns in southern Uganda, and thus became a target of the advancing Tanzanian troops.[2][68] Though thousands strong, the Ugandan forces at Masaka were wrought by indiscipline and internal divisions.[69] With the exception of a number of probes against Tanzanian positions around the town,[2] which Maliyamungu ordered on 23 February, the defense of Masaka was ineffective. The TPDF managed to occupy it almost without resistance on 24 February, while the Ugandans fled north.[70][69] Maliyamungu got lost in the bush for more than a week following the battle at Masaka;[71] according to journalist Felix Ocen, he feared reprisals for his defeat, and eventually returned with an apology.[8]

With Masaka under Tanzanian control, Kampala was threatened, prompting President Amin to order a counter-offensive.[72] It was planned that the Ugandans and allied Libyan forces would first retake Lukaya, and then attack Masaka with the ultimate aim of expelling the TPDF from Uganda.[73] Maliyamungu was one of the commanders entrusted with leading this operation,[72][74] and prepared the troops under his command well according to Tanzanian Lieutenant Colonel Ben Msuya.[72] The Ugandan offensive began on 10 March 1979, starting the Battle of Lukaya. Widely differing assessments of Maliyamungu's conduct during this battle exist.[72][10] Whereas Msuya praised him for smartly executing the initial Ugandan attack which resulted in the rout of the Tanzanian 201st Brigade and capture of Lukaya,[72] Idi Amin's son Jaffar Rembo Amin later claimed that Maliyamungu had been bribed by the Tanzanians to lose the battle, and also accused him of cowardice by placing his command position miles from the frontlines.[10] The battle turned against the Ugandans on 11 March, as the TPDF launched a successful counter-attack. In an attempt to strengthen morale, Maliyamungu and Major General Yusuf Gowon joined their troops on the front line at Lukaya. For unknown reasons, the positions the two men took were frequently subject to sudden, intense rocket fire. Ugandan junior officers tried to convince their men that the Tanzanians were probably aware of the generals' presence and were targeting them with precise bombardments. The Ugandan troops nonetheless felt that Maliyamungu and Gowon were harbingers of misfortune and nicknamed them bisirani, or "bad omen". The leading Ugandan commander at Lukaya, Godwin Sule, realised the generals were not having a positive effect and asked them to leave the front.[74]

When Amin's regime finally collapsed and Kampala fell to the Tanzanians, Maliyamungu fled with his family across the border to Zaire.[8][75][76] He took a substantial amount of his wealth with him, and intended to become a businessman.[75] Maliyamungu subsequently became involved in the pro-Amin rebellion in the West Nile sub-region during the Ugandan Bush War.[77] Having gathered a band of fighters, he invaded the West Nile region from Zaire in coordination with other Amin loyalists.[78] He later moved to Sudan where he died of poisoning in February 1984.[79][lower-alpha 6]