Jean-Jacques Uhrich

Jean-Jacques Uhrich attended the French military academy at Saint-Cyr from 1818 to 1820, and was a member of Saint-Cyr's first graduating class since the Bourbon Restoration.[1][note 1] Other notable members of his graduating class included Roch Pâris de Bollardière (1803–1866), great-grandfather of Général de brigade Jacques Pâris de Bollardière (1907–1986); the journalist and writer Armand Carrel (1800–1836), who died in a duel; and the général de division and politician Prudent de Chasseloup-Laubat (1802–1863). Uhrich later graduated from the French Army′s Infantry School.

Uhrich′s first assignment was to the French Army′s 3rd Light Infantry Regiment with the rank of sous-lieutenant.[1] He was promoted to capitaine in 1834,[1] and in 1848 became colonel of the 3rd Light Infantry Regiment.[1] He was promoted to général de brigade in 1852,[1] and in 1855, during the second year of the Crimean War, he was promoted to général de division.[1] He commanded a division of the French 5th Army Corps during the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859.[1] He also served a tour as the commander of one of the territorial subdivisions of the Army of Nancy.[1] He subsequently retired from active service in 1867 with the rank of général de division and was transferred to the reserve list.[1][2]

When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, Uhrich was recalled to active service.[2] He replaced Général de division Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot as commanding officer of the 6th Military Division[3] and at his own request became military governor of Strasbourg.[1][3] Immediately after their victory in the Battle of Wörth (also known as he Battle of Reichshoffen and the Battle of Frœschwiller) on 6 August 1870, forces of the German states began to arrive at Strasbourg and initiated a siege of the city on 13 August with a force that soon reached a strength of 40,000.[3] The German forces — consisting of elements of the Prussian Army and of the army of the Grand Duchy of Baden — began a desultory artillery bombardment of the city and its fortifications — designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban during the seventeenth century and obsolete by 1870[4] — on 14 August[3] while the German commander, Prussian Generalmajor August von Werder, considered ways to bring the siege to a quick end.[5] Werder informed Uhrich that his forces would begin an intensive bombardment of the city if it did not surrender, and, after Uhrich refused, the bombardment began on 23 August.[6][2]

Four nights of heavy bombardment ensued, during which the municipal government asked Uhrich to propose to Werder that the city pay a ransom of 100,000 francs per day that the Germans did not bombard it, but Uhrich refused the request.[6] On 26 August 1870, Werder — who unbeknownst to Uhrich was running too low on ammunition to continue the bombardment at a high level of intensity[6] — offered a ceasefire if the city would surrender, but Uhrich refused this as well.[6] Projecting steadiness and military professionalism, Uhrich rallied civilian opinion in Strasbourg in favor of continued resistance,[6] and the determination of Strasbourg′s population to carry on stiffened military opinion against a proposed German bombardment of Paris.[7] After the fourth night of heavy bombardment on 27 August, Werder reduced the level of bombardment to harassing fire and settled in for a long siege.[8][2]

On 11 September 1870, the French in Strasbourg received news from a Swiss delegation the Germans had allowed into the city that the French Army′s Army of the Rhine had suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Gravelotte on 18 August 1870 and subsequently become besieged at Metz and that the Army of Châlons had been encircled and destroyed in the Battle of Sedan on 1–2 September.[8] The twin calamities meant that no French force would arrive to relieve Strasbourg.[8] On 17 September, the Germans succeeded in making their first breach in the city′s fortifications.[8] The municipal government asked Uhrich to surrender the city on 19 September, but he refused.[8] That day, however, the Germans penetrated further into the defenses,[9] and on 27 September Uhrich's subordinates advised him that further defense of the city was impractical.[10] On 28 September, Uhrich — expecting a final German infantry assault to take the city to begin the following day[2] — asked Werder for terms of surrender.[10] Uhrich and Werder negotiated politely and treated one another chivalrously, and Werder allowed the defenders of Strasbourg to march out of the city with full battle honors, although Uhrich's angry and humiliated troops left the city in a drunken and undisciplined manner.[10] Uhrich was paroled and left Strasbourg, traveling first to Tours and then to Switzerland, where he lived in self-imposed exile.[10]

During the Siege of Strasbourg, nearly 200,000 German artillery shells had landed in the city, doing extensive damage and leveling entire neighborhoods, leaving 10,000 people homeless.[2] Despite this, Uhrich had held out for 46 days with a force of 10,000 men against a besieging force that reached a strength of 60,000.[2] Uhrich nonetheless received strong criticism in France for the capitulation of Strasbourg.[10] Many people in France viewed him as having behaved too courteously toward the enemy,[10] claimed he had surrendered Strasbourg prematurely,[10] and even accused him of committing an act tantamount to treason by surrendering the city.[10]

Uhrich was general councilor of the Canton of Phalsbourg until 1871. He died on 9 October 1886 and is buried in Paris in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.[11]

• Bauer, Paul (2006). Mémoire et Documents (ed.). Deux siècles d'histoire au Père Lachaise. ISBN 978-2-914611-48-0. (in French).
• A. Dugas, ed., Édouard Pied, Notices sur les rues de Nantes, 1906 (in French).
• Howard, Michael, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871. New York: Dorset Press, 1961. ISBN 0-88029-432-9.
• Hozier, H. M., ed., The Franco-Prussian War: Its Causes, Incidents, and Consequences, Volume II. London: William MacKenzie. 1870.