John Wayles

John Wayles (January 31, 1715 – May 28, 1773) was a planter, slave trader and lawyer in the Virginia Colony. He is historically best known as the father-in-law of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. Wayles was married three times, and these marriages produced eleven children; only five of them lived to adulthood. Wayles' relationship with Betty Hemings resulted in six additional children, including Sally Hemings, who was the mother of six children with Thomas Jefferson and half-sister of Martha Jefferson.

John Wayles, Esq.
BornJanuary 31, 1715
Lancaster, England
DiedMay 28, 1773(1773-05-28) (aged 58)
Charles City County, Virginia
NationalityEnglish
OccupationAttorney at law, Planter, Tobacco agent, Slave trader
Spouse(s)
Martha Eppes
​
​
(m. 1746; died 1748)​

Tabitha Cocke
​
​
(m. 1750; died 1756)​

Elizabeth Lomax
​
​
(m. 1760; died 1761)​
Partner(s)Betty Hemings (1761–1773)
Children17, including Martha Wayles, James Hemings, and Sally Hemings

Early life and education

Born in Lancaster, England on January 31, 1715.[1][lower-alpha 1] The slave trade shifted his hometown of Lancaster from a small town to the fourth most prosperous slave-trading port in England by the time Wayles was 21.[3] Wayles emigrated as a young man to the Colony of Virginia, likely during the 1730s.[1]

Career

Wayles received his licence to practice law in Virginia in 1741[4] and he worked as a lawyer.[5] He began his legal career by traveling on horseback to plantations in the Tidewater, where he obtained work creating legal documents.[6] He was also a prosecuting attorney in Henrico County.[7] In Virginia, Wayles became part of the planter elite. His plantation, called "The Forest",[lower-alpha 2] was located in Charles City County.[10]

He was a slave trader. Wayles earned a fortune from the slave trade.[3] He arranged for tobacco sales between growers in Virginia and buyers in England. His role as an agent for Farrell and Jones of Bristol, included performing debt collection.[11][12] During the period leading up to the American Revolutionary War, the tobacco economy was unstable and laws made the tobacco trade difficult for Wayles to conduct tobacco trade and collect debts. The economic and legal constraints led to the "bankruptcy of the Virginia plantation system".[11] Jefferson began legal work for Wayles in 1768.[5]

Personal life

Marriages and children

On May 3, 1746, Wayles married Martha Eppes (born on April 10, 1721 at Bermuda Hundred),[1] the daughter of Colonel Francis Epps. She was a young widow.[13] Martha Eppes Wayles gave birth to twins on December 23, 1746, but the girl and the boy were dead within hours of birth.[1] On October 31, 1748,[lower-alpha 3] Martha Wayles gave birth to daughter, Martha, who was the couple's only surviving child.[1] The 27 year-old mother died days later on November 5, 1748.[1] Daughter Martha first married Bathurst Skelton, younger brother of Reuben Skelton,[1] on November 20, 1766. Their son, John Skelton, was born on November 7, 1767. Martha returned to The Forest plantation with her son after Bathurst died on September 30, 1768. John died on June 10, 1771.[15] Martha married Thomas Jefferson on January 1, 1772.[15][lower-alpha 4] They had six children, but only two daughters, Martha and Mary, who survived to adulthood.[15] Martha Jefferson died September 6, 1782 and was buried at Monticello.[15]

Secondly, Wayles married Tabitha of the Cocke family,[1][4][lower-alpha 5] of Malvern Hill, also of the planter class. They had several children:

  • Sarah, did not survive to adulthood.[1]
  • Elizabeth, born February 24, 1752;[1] married Francis Eppes, the first cousin[18] or nephew of John Wayles first wife, Martha Epps Wayles. Elizabeth and Francis Epps had two sons, Richard and John Wayles Eppes, the latter of whom married Thomas Jefferson's second daughter, Mary Jefferson.[13]
  • Tabitha, born November 16, 1753;[1] and
  • Anne, born August 26, 1756.[1]

Wayles' second wife died after the birth of Anne in August 1756.[1]

On January 26, 1760, Wayles married his third wife, Elizabeth Lomax Skelton (she was the widow of Reuben Skelton, an older brother of Bathurst Skelton, his daughter Martha's first husband). Without producing a child with Wayles, she died on February 10, 1761.[1]

Betty Hemings and children

As part of the wedding settlement between John Wayles and Martha Epps, her parents gave the new couple an African slave woman and her young mixed-race daughter Betty Hemings, whose father was an English sea captain named Hemings.[19] After the death of his third wife, Wayles took the then 26 year-old Betty Hemings as his mistress[20] or concubine.[1][21][lower-alpha 6] Betty already had four children: Mary, Martin, Betty Brown, and Nance.[23]

Together, Wayles and Betty Hemings had six mixed-race children, which was sometimes called "a shadow family":[24][lower-alpha 6]

As their mother was a slave, the children were all born into slavery under the principle of partus sequitur ventrum,[26] which had been part of the law since 1662.[27] They were three-quarters European in ancestry[28] and half-siblings to Wayles' daughters by his wives.[29]

Wayles was not known to acknowledge his children by Betty, nor did he free her or them in his will. To do so would have communicated his relationship with Betty and would have required a change in Virginia manumission laws at that time. He did, though, allow certain freedoms for his children. For instance his two oldest children were taught to read and write, allowed them to earn their own money, and allowed to travel by themselves. The youngest boy, Peter, was three years old when Wayles died.[24]

Hemings had two more children while she lived at Monticello named John and Lucy.[23]

Death and estate settlement

John Wayles died at age 58 in 1773. He left substantial property, including slaves, but the estate was encumbered with debt.[30] Upon Wayles' death, Betty Hemings and her six children with John Wayles were moved "without hesitancy" to Monticello to prevent the Hemings from being separated.[31]

The estate was worth £30,000, but was in debt to Farrell and Jones in Briston for £11,000. Wayles' three sons-in-law, including Thomas Jefferson, decided to break up the estate and its debts.[32] Martha and her husband Thomas Jefferson inherited the Willis Creek and Elk Hill plantations and a total of 135 people, including members of the Hemings family.[24] They also inherited £4,000 in debt.[33] Jefferson and other co-executors of the Wayles estate worked for years to clear the debt.[34]

Notes
  1. His parents may be Edward Wales and Ellen Ashburner of Bulk, Lancaster, who married on November 11, 1714, about one year before a John Wales was christened on August 14, 1715. They also had a daughter who was born in 1718.[2] There were Wayles in Lancaster, with a "y" in their last name, and they were of the working class. There are different accounts of how John Wayles arrived in Colonial America. One was that he was already trained as a lawyer. Another account is that he arrived as a servant and later made his fortune.[3]
  2. "The Forest" plantation was home to Martha Wayles and the site of her marriage to Thomas Jefferson in 1772. The house no longer exists, but a historic marker on State Route 5 commemorates the site of Jefferson's wedding.[8] It is located 15 miles southeast of Richmond.[9] During the Civil War, The Forest was owned by a Confederate scout and the house was destroyed when it was set afire by Union troops.[10]
  3. Martha was also said to have been born on October 19, 1748.[14]
  4. Most historians believe that Jefferson took his wife's mixed race half-sister, Sally Hemings, a slave woman, and fathered her six children.[16] See also Jefferson–Hemings controversy
  5. His wife's name is also given as Mary Cocke.[17]
  6. Although there were sources that believed that Wayles fathered children with Betty Hemings, author William G. Hyland, Jr. did not believe that Wayles had Betty as a mistress.[22]

References
  1. Berkes, Anna (November 12, 2007). "John Wayles". www.monticello.org. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  2. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  3. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  4. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  5. Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. Random House. p. 54. ISBN 9781400067664.
  6. Hyland, William G., Jr. (2008). Martha Jefferson : an intimate life with Thomas Jefferson. Lanham, Maryland. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4422-3983-8. OCLC 880566094.
  7. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  8. Huff, Elizabeth (November 11, 2011). "The Forest". www.monticello.org. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  9. A Guidebook to Virginia's Historical Markers. University of Virginia Press. 1994. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8139-1491-6.
  10. Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1920). Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Whittet & Shepperson. p. 214.
  11. Hemphill, John M. (1958). "John Wayles Rates His Neighbours". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 66 (3): 302–306. ISSN 0042-6636. JSTOR 4246456.
  12. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  13. Malone, Dumas (1948-01-30). Jefferson the Virginian -. St. Martin's Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-316-54474-0.
  14. "Martha Jefferson Biography :: National First Ladies' Library". www.firstladies.org. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  15. "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". www.monticello.org. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  16. "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account". Monticello. Retrieved 6 November 2017. Quote: "Ten years later [referring to its 2000 report], TJF [Thomas Jefferson Foundation] and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings."
  17. Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (2017-04-06). Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves. University of Chicago Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-226-46072-7.
  18. Hyland, William G., Jr. (2008). Martha Jefferson : an intimate life with Thomas Jefferson. Lanham, Maryland. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4422-3983-8. OCLC 880566094.
  19. "Memoirs of Madison Hemings". Frontline. Public Broadcasting Service - WGBH Boston. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  20. "John Wayles", Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed 10 March 2011. Sources cited on page: Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Pike County Republican, March 13, 1873. Letter of December 20, 1802 from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton, states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his [Jefferson's] first wife."
  21. Blassingame, John (1977). Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies. p. 475. ISBN 0807102733.
  22. Hyland, William G. (2015-02-26). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4422-3984-5.
  23. Wiencek, Henry (2012-10-16). Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4668-2778-3.
  24. Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (2017-04-06). Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves. University of Chicago Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-226-46072-7.
  25. "John Wayles", Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed 10 March 2011. Note: Thomas Turner letter published in the Boston Repertory of May 31, 1805, referring to John Wayles and Sally Hemings, said that "an opinion has existed . . . that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales (sic), who was the father of the actual Mrs. Jefferson." ("Natural" as applied to children meant illegitimate.)
  26. Sawyer, Michael E. (2018-10-15). An Africana Philosophy of Temporality: Homo Liminalis. Springer. p. 287. ISBN 978-3-319-98575-6.
  27. Williams, George Washington (1882). History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880: Negroes as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens; Together with a Preliminary Consideration of the Unity of the Human Family, an Historical Sketch of Africa, and an Account of the Negro Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 123.
  28. Cogliano, Dr Francis D. (2006). Thomas Jefferson. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3662-4.
  29. Kouri, K. (2009). "The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (Book Review)". International Journal of Sociology of the Family. 35 (1): 143–14. JSTOR 23028805.
  30. Death notice from The Virginia Gazette, June 3, 1773: "On Friday last died, at his house in Charles City, JOHN WAYLES, Esquire, attorney at law."
  31. Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson. Random House. pp. 60.
  32. Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. Random House. p. 70. ISBN 9781400067664.
  33. Onuf, Peter S.; Onuf, Peter S. (1993). Jeffersonian Legacies. University of Virginia Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8139-1463-3.
  34. Sloan, Herbert E. (2001). Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt. University of Virginia Press. pp. 15–26. ISBN 978-0-8139-2093-1.

Sources
  • Nash, Gary B.; Hodges, Graham R.G. (2008), Friends of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson, Tadeusz Kosciuszko, and Agrippa Hull. A Tale of Three Patriots, Two Revolutions, and A Tragic Betrayal Of Freedom In The New Nation, pp. 129–130, New York: Basic Books

Further reading
  • Annette Gordon-Reed (1997/1998), Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, reprint with new foreword about DNA evidence, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
  • Annette Gordon-Reed, (2008), The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Robert F. Turner (2001/2011), The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy: Report of the Scholars Commission , Durham,NC: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Cynthia H. Burton (2005), Jefferson Vindicated: Fallacies, Omissions, and Contradictions in the Hemings Genealogical Search "", Charlottesville, VA: Self published.


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