Joseph Ritter

Joseph Elmer Ritter (July 20, 1892 – June 10, 1967) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of St. Louis from 1946 until his death in 1967, and was created a cardinal in 1961. He previously served as auxiliary bishop (1933–34) and bishop (later archbishop) (1934–46) of Indianapolis. Ritter was one of the cardinals elector who participated at the Papal Conclave,1963.

For the German historian, see Joseph Ignatius Ritter.
"Cardinal Ritter" redirects here. For the high school in Indianapolis, see Cardinal Ritter High School. For the high school in St. Louis, see Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School.
His Eminence

Joseph Elmer Ritter
Cardinal, Archbishop of St. Louis
SeeSt. Louis
AppointedJuly 20, 1946
Term endedJune 10, 1967
PredecessorJohn J. Glennon
SuccessorJohn Carberry
Other postsCardinal-Priest of Santissimo Redentore e Sant'Alfonso in Via Merulan
Orders
OrdinationMay 30, 1917
by Joseph Chartrand
ConsecrationMarch 28, 1933
by Joseph Chartrand
Created cardinalJanuary 16, 1961
by John XXIII
RankCardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born(1892-07-20)July 20, 1892
New Albany, Indiana
DiedJune 10, 1967(1967-06-10) (aged 74)
St. Louis, Missouri
Previous post
MottoIPSA DUCE NON FATIGARIS
(The leader has not wearied)
MILES CHRISTI SUM
(I am a soldier of Christ)
Ordination history of
Joseph Ritter
History
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated byJoseph Chartrand (Indianapolis)
DateMarch 28, 1933
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Joseph Ritter as principal consecrator
Mark Kenny CarrollApril 23, 1947
John CodyJuly 2, 1947
Leo John SteckMay 20, 1948
David Hickey, S.J.September 21, 1948
Charles HelmsingApril 19, 1949
Leo Christopher ByrneJune 29, 1954
Glennon Patrick FlavinMay 30, 1957
George Joseph GottwaldAugust 8, 1961

Early life and education

Born July 20, 1892, in New Albany, Indiana, Elmer Joseph Ritter was the fourth of Nicholas (1859–1944) and Bertha (née Luette) (1865–1941) Ritter's six children.[1] His father owned and operated the Ritter Bakery (where the family also lived). Both of Ritter's parents were of German descent.[2] As a 1946 newspaper article said "It was one of those shops, now rare, in which the whole family, the mother, father and the whole family had to help, either in the store part, which was in the front, or in the bakery which was in the rear."[3]

Ritter said his father had a great reverence of education, saying, "Dad gave us all a chance to go to college, but only if we applied ourselves."[3]

Ritter received his early education at the parochial school of St. Mary of the Annunciation Church in New Albany where he was called "Apple-Pie Ritter".[4]

Religious calling

During the seventh grade, Ritter decided to enter the priesthood. Ritter said "There was no vision, no voice from heaven. I simply wanted to be a priest."[5] In 1907, he enrolled at St. Meinrad's Seminary in southern Indiana, where he completed his studies in 1917.[1]

Priesthood

Ritter was ordained to the priesthood at the St. Meinrad Seminary's Abbey Church on May 30, 1917 by Bishop Joseph Chartrand.[6] His first assignment was as a curate at St. Patrick's Church in Indianapolis.[4] Shortly afterwards, he was transferred to Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, also in Indianapolis[5] where he served as assistant to the bishop in 1920 and rector of the cathedral in 1925 to 1933.[3][1] In 1922, he received an honorary doctorate of theology from Pope Pius XI.[1]

Indianapolis years

On February 3, 1933, Ritter was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Indianapolis and titular bishop of Hippos by Pius XI.[6] He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 28 from Bishop Chartrand, with Bishops Alphonse John Smith and Emmanuel Boleslaus Ledvina serving as co-consecrators.[6] As an auxiliary bishop, he also served as vicar general of the diocese from 1933 to 1934.[2] At age 40, he was one of the youngest Catholic bishops in the United States.[5]

Following the death of Bishop Chartrand, Ritter was appointed the seventh Bishop of Indianapolis on March 24, 1934.[6] In 1938, he directed an end to racial segregation in all Catholic schools in the diocese.[7] His decision, made 16 years before Brown v. Board of Education, was met with opposition by the Ku Klux Klan, whose members protested outside of SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral, and even by his fellow members of the clergy.[8] Also during his tenure, Ritter reorganized the diocesan Catholic Charities, introduced the Catholic Youth Organization, and completed the construction of SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral.[9] He reduced the diocese's debt by $3 million (equivalent to $42,604,436 in 2019[10]).[4] Ritter also reorganized the Catholic Charities in the diocese.

The Diocese of Indianapolis was elevated to the status of an archdiocese by Pope Pius XII on October 21, 1944, and Ritter was installed as its first Archbishop on December 19, 1944.[11]

St. Louis years

Ritter was appointed the fourth Archbishop of St. Louis, Missouri, by Pius XII on July 20, 1946, succeeding the late Cardinal John J. Glennon.[6]

St. Louis grew quickly during the post-World War II economic boom. Ritter opened an average of three parishes per year in St. Louis city and county.[12] An able administrator, without the authority to tax or compel, Ritter nevertheless raised more than $125,000,000 (equivalent to $1,043,885,870 in 2019[10]) to build sixty new parishes, sixteen high schools, and Cardinal Glennon Memorial Hospital during his tenure in the St. Louis diocese.[13]

Desegregation efforts

As one of his first acts as archbishop, Ritter announced that Webster College would accept black students, endorsing the Sisters of Loretto's wish to enroll black women in their Webster College (which Ritter's predecessor Archbishop Glennon had ruled impossible).[14]

He also allowed the senior class of St. Joseph's High School, then the only black Catholic high school, to graduate for the first time at the Cathedral alongside white Catholic high school students.[15]

Desegregated diocesan schools and hospitals

On August 9, 1947, Ritter announced an end to racial segregation in all five St. Louis diocesan high schools before the fall term.[16][9] He declared, "The cross on top of our schools must mean something," and expressed his belief in "the equality of every soul before Almighty God".[17] Ritter sent a memo to all parish school superintendents, saying they must begin to "accept all children into parish schools without regard to race". In one stroke, Ritter had desegregated the Catholic St. Louis area schools, seven years before the US Supreme Court's "Brown" decision. The parochial schools represented one-quarter of all St. Louis area students.[15]

In response, a group of over 700 white Catholics from 49 St. Louis area parishes[18] calling themselves the "Catholic Parents Association of Saint Louis and Saint Louis County"[19] threatened to sue Ritter on the basis that his directive was contrary to Missouri state law.[20] Association co-chairman William T. Rone said "We do not want Negro children alongside our children in the schools." Ritter refused to meet their leaders, having his spokesman respond, saying, "He is the father of the whole flock and must care for all, regardless of race."[21]

Ritter then issued a pastoral letter in which he warned of possible excommunication from the church for "interfering with ecclesiastical office authority by having recourse to authority outside of the church". While civil action was vetoed by the group, they did send a letter of protest to the Vatican, addressing their complaint to the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, Amleto Giovanni Cicognani.[20][22] Cicognani responded (and sent Ritter a copy of his response in advance), saying "I am confident that everyone will readily comply with what has been so clearly proposed by the ecclesiastical authority of the Archdiocese".[15]

Ritter also desegregated all Catholic hospitals in the St. Louis archdiocese.[5]

Fundraising

Ritter also developed what is now known as the Annual Catholic Appeal, which remains a primary source of financial support for many archdiocesan educational and charitable activities.[12]

Ecumenism

On August 24, 1964, at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, Ritter celebrated the world's first authorized Mass in English.[12]

Ritter also forbade Catholics to see The French Line under danger of serious sin,[23] and declared that Catholics must have written permission from the archdiocese to attend secular or non-Catholic colleges.[24] He was one of the first bishops to create a diocesan mission, specifically in La Paz, Bolivia. Until that time, most missions had been conducted by Roman Catholic religious institutes or societies of apostolic life. The people of Saint Louis regularly contributed more money to these foreign missions than any archdiocese of its size. He served as president of the National Catholic Educational Association from 1955 to 1956, and was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on October 5, 1956.[1]

Cardinal

Ritter was created Cardinal Priest of SS. Redentore e S. Alfonso in Via Merulana by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of January 16, 1961.[6] Between 1962 and 1965, he participated in all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council in Rome.[2] Ritter was viewed as a liberal.[25][26] He also protested against the Roman Curia's oppressive actions[26] and Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani's draft on the sources of Revelation at the Council.[27]

Death, funeral and burial

Ritter died on June 10, 1967 at DePaul Hospital in St. Louis after suffering two heart attacks earlier in the week.[28] His body lay in state at the Cathedral.

Funeral

Ritter's requiem mass was celebrated on June 15, 1967 at St. Louis cathedral. At his request, it was a "Low Funeral Mass". Cardinal-designate John Patrick Cody, archbishop of Chicago, formerly an auxiliary bishop under the late cardinal in St. Louis, was the main celebrant. Cardinals Richard Cushing, James Francis McIntyre, Lawrence Shehan, and Francis Spellman attended, together with cardinals-designate John Krol and Patrick O'Boyle. Ten archbishops, forty-eight bishops, and four abbots were also in attendance. Some fifty Protestant, Jewish, and Orthodox leaders were present, representing the Episcopal Church, Missouri-Synod Lutheran, United Church of Christ, Greek Orthodox, Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Salvation Army. In his sermon, Kansas City Bishop Charles Helmsing, another auxiliary bishop who had served under Ritter, spoke of Ritter's liturgical leadership, particularly "his concern for a liturgy of the Word that would truly inform and enlighten the people of God."

Burial and re-interment

Ritter was buried in the priest's lot at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. He had said he did not want to be buried in the cathedral.

On November 2, 1994, Archbishop Justin Rigali of St. Louis had Ritter's remains removed from Calvary Cemetery and re-interred in the crypt of the new cathedral, now the cathedral basilica of St. Louis.[29]

Legacy
Mosaic depicting Joseph Cardinal Ritter.
  • Ritter is commemorated by a mosaic tile depiction in the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis showing him reaching out toward a group of people from other faiths on one side, and also an integrated group of school children on the other.
  • Ritter was a friend of Lionel Hampton[30] and Cardinal Ottaviani.[27]
  • In a gesture of ecumenism, Ritter granted his approval to the mixed marriage of a Catholic and an Episcopalian in 1964.[31] He also authorized the first English Mass in the United States.[28]
  • Ritter, intensely dedicated to racial equality, even withheld Communion from Catholics who practiced discrimination.[32]
  • He was "dismayed" and "indignant" after the rector of Catholic University of America, Monsignor William McDonald, refused to allow certain liberal theologians to speak at the university.[33]
  • His birthplace and childhood home in New Albany, Indiana will be turned into a museum about the Cardinal's life (he remains the only Indiana-born Cardinal in the Catholic Church's history, and up until October 2016, when Pope Francis named Indianapolis's incumbent Archbishop, Joseph William Tobin, to the cardinalate [effective in November 2016], Indianapolis- or any other Indiana diocese- was not a cardinalatial see) in three stages. The Cardinal Ritter Birthplace Foundation is promoting this project. The museum will occupy the Ritter family's bakery—its storefront was part of the 1874 Queen Anne-style home.[34]
  • A one-hour documentary of Ritter's life was filmed.[35]
  • Cardinal Ritter High School in Indianapolis is named in his honor.
  • Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School in St. Louis is named in his honor.

Honors
  • Ritter received an honorary Doctorate of Theology from Pope Pius XI in 1922.[13]
  • In 1961, Saint Louis University named Ritter an honorary “Founder of Saint Louis University" "in honor of his leadership and influence in the cause of education".[13]
  • Ritter was unanimously chosen 1965 "Ecumenical Man of the Year" by the Metropolitan St. Louis Church Federation. Ritter declined the award, saying "Grateful for the honor, I am united with you in efforts for Christian unity. But it is my practice to decline citations in line with what is obviously my duty".[36]
  • Ritter was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree by Eden Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 1965.[37]

See also

References
  1. Curtis, Georgina Pell (1961). The American Catholic Who's Who. XIV. Grosse Pointe, Michigan: Walter Romig.
  2. Miranda, Salvador. "RITTER, Joseph Elmer (1892-1967)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
  3. "A Deep Sense of Humility". The St. Louis Star and Times. St. Louis, Missouri. July 29, 1946. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  4. "Cardinal Joseph Elmer Ritter". Cardinal Ritter Birthplace Foundation.
  5. "Joseph Cardinal Ritter, 74, Dies; Liberal Archbishop of St. Louis". The New York Times. June 11, 1967.
  6. "Joseph Elmer Cardinal Ritter". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  7. "Cardinal Joseph E. Ritter". Marian University. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
  8. "Cardinal Joseph Ritter: A trailblazer for desegregation in Indianapolis Catholic schools". WISH-TV 8. 2010-02-12. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
  9. Christensen, Lawrence O. (1999). Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
  10. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  11. "General history". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis.
  12. Fausz, Ph.D., J. Frederick (2014). "HISTORIC ST. LOUIS 250 Years Exploring New Frontiers". University of Missouri St. Louis: 187–188. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  13. "Joseph Cardinal Ritter". Arch City Religion. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  14. "100 People Who Shaped St. Louis". St. Louis Magazine. December 27, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  15. Shinkle, Florence (June 22, 1997). "Go Write Your Little Letters". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  16. "5 Catholic High Schools Open to Negro Students". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. August 10, 1947. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  17. "Religion: Four New Hats". TIME Magazine. 1960-12-26.
  18. "Pope's Aide to get Negro Question". Tampa Times. Tampa, Florida. September 22, 1947. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  19. Landers, Misty (January 2017). Just Discrimination: Arkansas Parochial Schools and the Defense of Segregation (Thesis). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
  20. "RACES: Caution!". TIME Magazine. 1947-09-29.
  21. "Parents protest after St. Louis Catholic schools are integrated". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. September 21, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  22. "In Church Row". Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. September 26, 1947. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  23. TIME Magazine. The Censors January 11, 1954
  24. TIME Magazine. The Letter June 20, 1960
  25. TIME Magazine. Cum Magno Dolore October 23, 1964
  26. TIME Magazine. The Unlikely Cardinal August 21, 1964
  27. TIME Magazine. The Cardinal's Setback November 23, 1962
  28. TIME Magazine Milestones
  29. "Ritter, Joseph Elmer". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  30. TIME Magazine. January 27, 1961
  31. TIME Magazine. Toward Easier Mixed Marriage July 17, 1964
  32. TIME Magazine. Waking Up to Race October 4, 1963
  33. TIME Magazine. Crisis at Catholic U. March 29, 1963
  35. Plaque marks Cardinal Ritter's birthplace in New Albany Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Newsandtribune.com
  36. "Cardinal Ritter Declines Award for Ecumenism". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. January 24, 1965. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  37. "Cardinal Ritter to get Eden Degree Tonight". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. June 4, 1965. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Joseph Chartrand		 Archbishop of Indianapolis
1934–1946		 Succeeded by
Paul Clarence Schulte
Preceded by
John J. Glennon		 Archbishop of Saint Louis
1946–1967		 Succeeded by
John Carberry
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