Judiciary Square

19th century houses on the corner of 5th and D Streets NW

During the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. Its proximity to the courthouses attracted lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the United States Capitol made it ideal for government employees. Among its most prominent residents were Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. As of 2006, however, nearly all of the rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered on the intersection of 5th and D Streets.[1]

Around the turn of the 20th century, the eastern side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington; the equivalent of a Little Italy, although it was never called that. The Italian neighborhood rested on the eastern edge of the square proper, stretching eastward to about 2nd Street NW. The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd and F Streets NW. The neighborhood grew throughout the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s. However, the construction of Interstate 395 through the city in the 1970s razed about half of the neighborhood and forced its remaining residents to move away from the heavy commuter traffic. Today, the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices. The Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its "Casa Italiana" cultural center next door.[2]

Aerial view of Judiciary Square

Among the buildings in Judiciary Square are:

• District, Municipal, and State buildings:
  • H. Carl Moultrie Courthouse, which houses the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, the local trial court
  • District of Columbia City Hall, which now houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the District's highest court
  • Henry J. Daly Building, Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters
  • Jackson Graham Building, headquarters of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
• Federal buildings:
  • E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse, which houses both the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
  • United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
  • United States Tax Court Building, which houses the United States Tax Court
  • United States Court of Military Appeals building, which houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington field office
  • Frances Perkins Building, which houses the United States Department of Labor
  • US General Accounting Office Building, which houses the headquarters of the Government Accountability Office and of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
• Other buildings:
  • One Judiciary Square, a modern glass structure which houses various D.C. government offices; it temporarily housed the offices of the District's Mayor and Council from 1992 to 1999 while the John A. Wilson Building on Pennsylvania Avenue underwent renovations
  • Steve Young Law Enforcement Legislative Advocacy Center of the Fraternal Order of Police
  • National Building Museum, formerly known as the Pension Building

Darlington Memorial Fountain, 1922, by C. Paul Jennewein

• Statue of William Blackstone
• Darlington Memorial Fountain
• Abraham Lincoln
• Chief Justice John Marshall
• George Gordon Meade Memorial
• National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
• Albert Pike Memorial

Judiciary Square Plaza is property administered by the National Park Service located between 4th and 5th Streets, NW and E and F Streets, NW. The plaza is flanked on the East and West by the District of Columbia Courts Buildings B and A respectively. Located within the grounds are the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial and the F Street entrance to the Judiciary Square station.

The District government finalized a deal in 2010 with the Louis Dreyfus Group to construct a 2,100,000-square-foot (200,000 m²) mixed-use development in the airspace over the Center Leg Freeway (Interstate 395). The $425 million office, residential, and retail project at the east end of the Judiciary Square neighborhood will also restore the area's original L'Enfant Plan street grid by reconnecting F and G Streets over the freeway. The project awaited final regulatory approval for several years and was underway in 2016.[3]