Keel (bird anatomy)

A keel or carina (plural carinae) in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs. The keel provides an anchor to which a bird's wing muscles attach, thereby providing adequate leverage for flight. Keels do not exist on all birds; in particular, some flightless birds lack a keel structure. Without a keel a bird will not be able to fly. Some flightless birds actually do have a keel, such as the penguin, but in the penguin's case, its wings that are too small for its body. So to fly it would have to flap its wings too fast to be practicable.

This stylised bird skeleton highlights the keel bone

Historically, the presence or absence of a pronounced keel structure was used as a broad classification of birds into two orders: Carinatae (from carina, "keel"), having a pronounced keel; and ratites (from ratis, "raft" — referring to the flatness of the sternum), having a subtle keel structure or lacking one entirely. However, this classification has fallen into disuse as evolutionary studies have shown that many flightless birds have evolved from flighted birds.

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  Penguins, although flightless, possess a keel bone. This skeleton of an African penguin on display at the Museum of Osteology possesses a keel.