Kryptonite

Kryptonite is a fictional material that appears primarily in Superman stories. In its best-known form, it is a green, crystalline material originating from Superman's home world of Krypton that emits a peculiar radiation that weakens Superman, but is generally harmless to humans when exposed to it in the short term but deadly in the long term. There are other varieties of kryptonite such as red and gold kryptonite which have different but still generally negative effects on Superman. Due to Superman's popularity, kryptonite has become a byword for an extraordinary exploitable weakness, synonymous with "Achilles' heel". Batman and Lex Luthor are two notable individuals who have pieces of kryptonite with them, with the former being trusted by Superman himself to stop the latter in case he goes rogue or does something out of the ordinary and the latter to ward off Superman's presence and at times incorporating it into weapons to try and kill him.[1]

This article is about the fictional material from the Superman mythos. For other uses, see Kryptonite (disambiguation).
"Kryptonium" redirects here. For the krypton-containing cation, see Kryptonium ion.
Not to be confused with Krypton.
Kryptonite
Green kryptonite: art by Gary Frank.
Publication information
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceRadio:
The Adventures of Superman
(June 1943)
Comics:
Superman #61
(November 1949)
In story information
TypeElement
Element of stories featuringSuperman
Superboy

Origin
The character Superman suffering from kryptonite poisoning, courtesy of villains Metallo and Titano the Super-Ape.
Action Comics Annual #10 (March 2007). Art by Art Adams and Alex Sinclair.

An unpublished 1940 story titled "The K-Metal from Krypton", written by Superman creator Jerry Siegel, featured a prototype of kryptonite. It was a mineral from the planet Krypton that drained Superman of his strength while giving superhuman powers to mortals. This story was rejected because in it Superman reveals his identity to Lois Lane.[2]

The mineral known as kryptonite was first officially introduced in the radio serial The Adventures of Superman, in the story "The Meteor from Krypton", broadcast in June 1943.[3] An apocryphal story claims that kryptonite was introduced to give Superman's voice actor, Bud Collyer, the possibility to take a vacation at a time when the radio serial was performed live. In an episode where Collyer would not be present to perform, Superman would be incapacitated by kryptonite, and a substitute voice actor would make groaning sounds. This tale was recounted by Julius Schwartz in his memoir.[4] However, the historian Michael J. Hayde disputes this: in "The Meteor From Krypton", Superman is never exposed to kryptonite. If kryptonite allowed Collyer to take vacations, that was a fringe benefit discovered later. More likely, kryptonite was introduced as a plot device for Superman to discover his origin.[5]

In the radio serial, Krypton was located in the same solar system as Earth, in the same orbit, but on the opposite side of the Sun. This provided an easy explanation for how kryptonite found its way to Earth.

Kryptonite was incorporated into the comic mythos with Superman #61 (November 1949).[6] Editor Dorothy Woolfolk stated in an interview with Florida Today in August 1993, that she "felt Superman's invulnerability was boring."[7]

Forms, colors and effects

Various forms of the fictional material have been created over the years in Superman publications.[8]

Green kryptoniteOriginally red in color, the material debuted in Superman #61 (Nov. 1949) and did not adopt its characteristic green hue until Action Comics #161 (Aug. 1951). Green kryptonite weakens Superman and other Kryptonians.[9] It can and will kill them with long-term exposure. Kryptonians under kryptonite's effects experience severe muscular weakness, usually to the point of collapse, and excruciating pain, with both conditions progressively intensifying. They often develop a fever and eventually will lose consciousness before death. The mineral will also gradually turn Kryptonian skin and blood green.

Although canonical depictions vary widely, the majority of accounts maintain that although kryptonite exposure victims experience severe weakness and pain, exposure in itself does not eradicate the victim's superpowers, except those related to physical strength. Therefore victims retain most of their visual and sensory powers, although kryptonite itself appears impervious to damage by heat vision. Kryptonite exposure does not compromise the subject's invulnerability to other forms of injury; therefore it is not a practical strategy for a villain to first expose the victim to kryptonite, then kill them with a gun or other conventional weapon. However, some enemies have occasionally used weapons with kryptonite projectile ammunition, which can not only seriously wound a Kryptonian, but surgical treatment can be difficult, with the resistance to injury in a yellow sun environment being a major complication. In one such incident, the surgeon was forced to give Superman a controlled exposure to the mineral in order to make the proper incisions to remove all the internal bullet fragments.[10] Some accounts maintain paralysis is an effect of kryptonite exposure, although most depictions show victims still capable of limited movement. Kryptonian characters have been shown to become immune to the effects of green kryptonite due to either long-term absorption of sunlight[11] or extremely high short-term exposure to the Sun.[12] Post-Crisis sources establish that green kryptonite is also harmful to humans; with sufficient long-term exposure, it can result in cancer, as Lex Luthor discovered, much to his dismay, from a ring with a green kryptonite jewel he wore to ward off Superman's presence.[13]

Red kryptoniteDebuted in Adventure Comics #255 (Sept. 1958). Originally red kryptonite simply weakened Superman, but to a greater degree than green kryptonite. Red kryptonite was later shown to cause odd behavior or bizarre transformations, albeit temporary and non-fatal. The effects of red kryptonite typically last anywhere from 24 to 48 hours, although in some accounts the effects may persist up to three days or even several weeks.[14] In the Smallville spin-off red kryptonite affects Clark's mental state and the effect wears off as soon as he stops being in close proximity to the stone. Clark becomes selfish and uses his powers selfishly. He is also shown drinking and philandering. On Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Red Kryptonite initially makes Superman apathetic, while another piece transfers his superpowers into other humans.
Anti-kryptonite/Fool's kryptoniteDebuted in Action Comics #252 (May 1959). Resembles green kryptonite, but is harmless to Kryptonians; however, it has the same effect as green kryptonite on normal humans. Anti-kryptonite is also the power source for one version of the character: Ultraman, Superman's evil counterpart from an antimatter universe.[15]
X-kryptoniteDebuted in Action Comics #261 (Jan. 1960). Created by Supergirl (Kara Zor-El) in an unsuccessful attempt to find an antidote to green kryptonite. Harmless to Kryptonians, the mineral gives normal lifeforms superhuman abilities, as in the case of Supergirl's pet cat Streaky. Revised in Superman Family #203 (Oct. 1980) to have the same effect as the green variety on Kryptonians.
Blue kryptoniteDebuted in Superman #140 (Oct. 1960). An imperfect form of kryptonite which affects the imperfect Superman duplicate Bizarro and the members of the Bizarro League in the same way that green kryptonite affects Kryptonians. Kryptonians, however, are unaffected by it. In the Super Friends franchise, blue kryptonite works as an antidote to the random and bizarre effects of red kryptonite.
White kryptoniteDebuted in Adventure Comics #279 (Dec. 1960). Kills all plant life from any planet.
Red-Green kryptonite (first variety)Debuted in Action Comics #275 (April 1961). An alloy created by the villain Brainiac, the red-green kryptonite caused Superman to mutate, temporarily growing a third eye in the back of his head.
Gold kryptoniteDebuted in Adventure Comics #299 (Aug. 1962). Kryptonite affected by atomic radiation, capable of permanently removing a Kryptonian's ability to process yellow sunlight, which nullifies all superhuman abilities. In Post-Crisis stories, this kryptonite only removes a Kryptonian's powers temporarily (in Superman II, the crystal chamber from Superman's Fortress of Solitude exhibited the same effect, although this process was reversed via Jor-El's green crystal).[16]
Red-Green-Blue-Gold kryptoniteDebuted in Superman #162 (July 1963). An imaginary story in which Superman combines the minerals to power an intelligence-expanding device. An explosion occurs and the hero is split into two separate beings ("Superman-Red" and "Superman-Blue"), both of whom possess enhanced intelligence.
Silver kryptoniteDebuted in Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen #70 (July 1963). Revealed by Jimmy Olsen to be a hoax. In Post-Crisis stories, silver kryptonite first appeared in Superman/Batman #46 (April 2008), modeled after the version that appeared in the Smallville TV series in season 5 episode 7 "Splinter", where Clark suffers paranoid delusions. Silver kryptonite causes Kryptonians to suffer from altered perceptions, loss of inhibitions, and extreme hunger cravings. On the Supergirl TV series, this kryptonite causes Superman to hallucinate his "greatest fear" of an attacking General Zod during the final episode of season 2, "Nevertheless, She Persisted".
Jewel kryptoniteDebuted in Action Comics #310 (March 1964). Fragments of Krypton's Jewel Mountains. Amplifies the psychic powers of the criminals imprisoned in the Phantom Zone, allowing them to project illusions or perform mind control.
Bizarro-red kryptoniteDebuted in Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen #80 (Oct. 1964). Affects humans in the same manner that red kryptonite affects Kryptonians.
Red-Green kryptonite (second variety)Debuted in Superboy Comics #121 (June 1965). This caused Superboy to lose his powers permanently, but the Phantom Zone criminal Vakox unwillingly cured him, thus restoring his powers.
Red-Gold kryptoniteDebuted in Superman #178 (July 1965). Temporarily deprives Kryptonians of their memories.
Magno-kryptoniteDebuted in Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen #92 (April 1966). Created by the villain Mr. Nero, this variety is magnetically attracted to all substances originally from Krypton.
Red-Green-Gold kryptoniteDebuted in Superman #192 (Jan. 1967). An imaginary story in which the alloy permanently removes Superman's powers and memories of himself as Superman.
Slow kryptoniteDebuted in The Brave and the Bold #175 (June 1981). A modified variety of green kryptonite produced by the supervillan Metallo that affects humans in a manner similar to how green kryptonite affects Kryptonians.
Kryptonite-XDebuted in The Adventures of Superman #511 (April 1994). A one-time fluke, kryptonite-X was created when the Eradicator filtered a harmful barrage of kryptonite discharged by the villain the Cyborg Superman at Superman. The result was beneficial for Superman, supercharging him and restoring his ability to process solar radiation.
Pink kryptoniteDebuted in Supergirl (vol. 4) #79 (April 2003). Pink kryptonite seemingly turns Kryptonians homosexual. This type of kryptonite was mentioned in a single panel in a story that was a satire of the plots of many Silver Age comic stories (such as those listed above) which featured some strange new variety of kryptonite. In the Justice League Action short "True Colours", it switches a Kryptonian's gender.
Black kryptoniteDebuted in Smallville’s “Crusade” (Season 4, episode 1) on September 22, 2004. In Pre-Flashpoint continuity, it could split a Kryptonian into two separate beings: one good and the other evil (the kryptonite manufactured by the villains of Superman III had just such an effect on the Man of Steel). In Dark Nights: Metal – The Batman Who Laughs #1, set on the Dark Multiverse's Earth −22, a Batman corrupted by the Joker creates a modified strand of black kryptonite. He tests it first on Supergirl, causing her to murder her family before dying herself. He then uses it again on Superman and Superboy, who literally tear apart Lois Lane before they kill each other.
Orange kryptoniteDebuted in Krypto the Superdog #4 (Feb. 2007). Provides super-abilities to any animal that comes into contact with it for 24 hours.
Periwinkle kryptoniteDebuted in Superman Family Adventures #9 (March 2013). A non-canonical version. Exposure to periwinkle kryptonite causes Kryptonians to lose all inhibitions.
Platinum kryptoniteDebuted in Batman Secret Files #001 (December 2018) "True Strength", and Batman (vol. 3) #85 (February 2020). From "an impossible universe inside the Phantom Zone, on an impossible planet". When touched by a normal human, platinum kryptonite changes their cells in an instant, giving Kryptonian super-powers for life. Used by Batman to restore Gotham Girl's powers.
Superman and Jimmy Olsen discuss the mineral kryptonite, with the jewel variant making its debut, in Action Comics #310 (March 1964).
Art by Curt Swan.

In other media

Live action
  • The Adventures of Superman (1952–1958) featured kryptonite in the episodes "Panic in the Sky", "The Defeat of Superman", "Superman Week", "The Deadly Rock", "The Magic Secret", "The Gentle Monster" and "All That Glitters".
  • Superboy (1988–1992) featured green kryptonite in the episodes: "Kryptonite Kills" and "Metallo", "Bride of Bizarro", "Kryptonite Kid", and "Obituary for a Super-Hero". The red variety was featured in the episode "Super Menace". A Bizarro White variant was featured in the episode "The Battle With Bizarro", which heals the title character.
  • Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993–1997) featured green kryptonite in the episodes "The Green, Green Glow of Home", "Barbarians at the Planet", "The House of Luthor", "Metallo", "Top Copy", "Tempus Fugitive" and "Battleground Earth". The red variety was featured in the episodes "Individual Responsibility", "Ultrawoman" and "Lethal Weapon".
  • Smallville (2001–2011) featured kryptonite on a regular basis. A large quantity of the green variety descends to Earth in a meteor shower, arriving in the town of Smallville, Kansas with the spaceship containing the infant Kal-El. The material is colloquially referred to by Smallville residents as "meteor rock", but is eventually called "kryptonite" by Clark Kent once he discovers his origins in season two episode "Visitor" (in real life, the area near Brenham, Kansas is known as the site of a major meteorite strike between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago).[17] Aside from being harmful to Clark Kent, the mineral produces bizarre changes in flora and fauna. It also occasionally bestows metahuman abilities on humans depending on the circumstances of their exposure to it, such as a girl treated for a rare bone disease acquiring shapeshifting powers. These people are commonly known by the inhabitants of Smallville as "Meteor Freaks". The green variety of the mineral appears in several episodes every season, although other varieties appear, including: red in "Red" (2002), "Exodus", "Exile", "Phoenix" (2003), "Unsafe" (2005), "Crimson" (2007) and "Upgrade" (2010); black, formed when superheating green kryptonite in "Crusade" (2004) and "Doomsday" (2009); silver in "Splinter" (2005); blue in "Blue" (2007), "Persona" (2008), "Kandor" (2009), "Salvation" (2010) and "Harvest" (2011); as a gem in "Persuasion" (2010) and gold (introduced in Earth Two) in "Luthor", "Prophecy" and "Finale" (2011). Smallville was the first appearance of a black kryptonite that would split a person into their good and evil sides, before later being brought into the comic canon in Supergirl (vol. 5) #2 (Oct. 2005).
  • Kryptonite has made several appearances in the Arrowverse:
    • Supergirl (2015–present) features green kryptonite in the episodes "Pilot", "Stronger Together", "Hostile Takeover", "For the Girl Who Has Everything", "Distant Sun" and "Immortal Kombat". The DEO manages to synthesize and create blue kryptonite which is featured in the episode "Bizarro". Red kryptonite is featured in the episode "Falling" as a failed attempt to recreate green kryptonite by Maxwell Lord. Silver kryptonite is featured in the episode "Nevertheless, She Persisted". In season 3, the black kryptonite is pivotal to its arc, first appearing in the episode "The Fanatical", in which it is being referred to as Harun-El by Kryptonians. The Worldkiller Coven from Krypton, headed by dark priestess Selena, schemes to use the Harun-El to terraform Earth into a Krypton-like planet for Kryptonians to inhabit. The protagonists uses the Harun-El to split the Worldkiller Coven's servant, Reign, from her human alter-ego Samantha Arias. By the end of the season finale, it is revealed that Supergirl's being is also divided after her exposure to it during her final battle with Reign. In season 4, Lena Luthor develops a serum derived from Harun-El, and Lex Luthor, Agent Liberty and James Olsen develop metahuman abilities after being injected with it such as enhanced speed, durability, strength, and a healing factor.
    • Green kryptonite appears briefly in the crossover event "Crisis on Earth-X". During a confrontation with Overgirl, Supergirl's Earth-X counterpart, Oliver Queen fires an arrow at her containing a kryptonite arrowhead, impaling Overgirl's shoulder. An astonished Supergirl asks Oliver why he has a kryptonite arrow, to which Oliver replies: "In case an evil you ever showed up!"
    • Kryptonite also appears in the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover event: In part two, the Bruce Wayne of Earth-99 keeps Kryptonite in the Batcave and had used it to kill his Earth's Superman. He uses it on Supergirl, but is killed by Earth-1's Kate Kane before he can kill her. Kate then collects the Kryptonite in his possession. In part three, Batwoman intended to use the kryptonite on Supergirl to stop a dangerous plan of hers, but instead reveals it to her as an act of faith. Supergirl tells her to keep it, saying that she "[has] the courage" that Kate will never have to use it.
    • In the Batwoman episode "A Secret Kept From All the Rest", Lucius Fox states in his journal that Green Kryptonite is the only thing capable of penetrating the Batsuit. In the season 1 finale episode "O, Mouse!", as Alice tries to locate kryptonite, Luke finds it and manages to destroy it. But Kate reveals to both of them that she has another kryptonite rock given to her from Crisis.

Animation
  • The Brady Kids (1972–1973) featured green kryptonite in the episode "Cindy's Super Friend" which shows Clark Kent attempting to become Superman in the Kids' clubhouse, only to be incapacitated by a piece of green kryptonite as part of a rock collection.
  • Super Friends (1973–1986) features kryptonite in the episodes "Super Friends: Rest in Peace" ("Krypton steel"); "Darkseid's Golden Trap" (gold); "Terror From the Phantom Zone" (blue, green, and red); "Return of the Phantoms" (green); "Rokan: Enemy from Space" (green); "Bazarowurld" (red and blue); "Revenge of Bizarro" (red and blue); Will the World Collide?" (green); "Uncle Mxyzptlk" (red); "The Death of Superman" (green); "Batman: Dead or Alive" (green).
  • Superman (1988) features a kryptonite ring worn by Lex Luthor.
  • Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) offers an explanation of the effect of the material on Superman. This series and The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999) showcase a three-part crossover story arc called World's Finest that demonstrates the effect of kryptonite poisoning on humans.
    • Justice League (2001–2004) explores the same theme where Lex Luthor develops cancer from his long term exposure to a kryptonite he kept with him, without taking precautions to contain it as seen in the episode "Injustice for All". Unlike Batman who keeps it in a lead pocket case, a strong deterrent against the object in his utility belt.
  • In Batman Beyond (1999–2001) the two-part episode "The Call" reveals that kryptonite has been kept safe in the distant future as a deterrent against Superman due to the hero's past as a rogue agent under Darkseid's mind manipulation.
  • Krypto the Superdog (2005–2006) features green, red and a purple-spotted variation.
  • Legion of Super Heroes (2006–2008) features green kryptonite.
  • Young Justice (2010–2013, 2018) features green kryptonite in the episode "Auld Acquaintance".
  • In Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Battle of the Superheroes!", Superman is infected with a red kryptonite necklace secretly given to Lois Lane by Lex Luthor, which causes Superman to become evil. Now Batman must work with Krypto the Superdog to hold off Superman until the effects of the red kryptonite wear off.
  • In Lego DC Super Hero Girls, Lena Luthor developed a series of Kryptomites with one of six different colors each, which effect everyone that comes near them by changing their emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, distrust and forgetfulness, while the green ones only act as normal kryptonite that only affect Supergirl. She's usually seen assisting the Female Furies and Eclipso, though the latter of which Lena always hinders her plans in the end, hindering her own plan in the process.
  • In DC Super Hero Girls (TV series) green kryptonite has been used by Catwoman to weaken Supergirl and by Lex Luthor to trap both Superman and Supergirl in capsules, while Ra's al Ghul once used red kryptonite to mind control Supergirl into destroying a boy band concert.

Films
  • In Superman (1978) Lex Luthor (Gene Hackman) deduces that a meteorite found in Addis Ababa is actually a radioactive piece of the exploded planet Krypton. Luthor uses the mineral to weaken Superman (Christopher Reeve), who is saved by Luthor's lover Eve Teschmacher (Valerie Perrine).
  • In Superman III (1983) billionaire Ross Webster (Robert Vaughn) orders the creation of synthetic green kryptonite. Computer programmer Gus Gorman (Richard Pryor) uses tar to compensate for an unknown component of kryptonite, causing the newly created mineral to eventually turn Superman evil and split the hero into two beings (making its effects more in line with Red Kryptonite). Gorman's "supercomputer" later fights Superman and uses a kryptonite ray.
  • In Superman Returns (2006) Lex Luthor (Kevin Spacey) steals the Addis Ababa L9 Pallasite Meteorite and uses kryptonite to create a new Kryptonian landmass and a shard for use against Superman. The film describes kryptonite's formula as "sodium lithium boron silicate hydroxide with fluorine". A year after the film was released, a substance with a similar formula was discovered, jadarite, a coincidence which led to media attention.[18][19][20][21] The new mineral, unlike the fictional material in the movie, does not contain fluorine and does not glow green.[18]
  • In Justice League: The New Frontier (2008), Batman mentions he keeps some kryptonite in case he needs to fight Superman.
  • In Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010) an alternate universe version of Lex Luthor uses blue kryptonite against the villain Ultraman.
  • In Justice League: Doom (2012), the villain Metallo wounds Superman with a kryptonite bullet, but he is saved by the JLA.
  • In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), Green kryptonite is discovered by men working for Lex Luthor (Jesse Eisenberg) at the bottom of the Indian Ocean (after Superman's battle with the World Engine in Man of Steel) and experimented with by Luthor, who learns of its harmful effect on Kryptonians when the corpse of General Zod is exposed to it. The kryptonite is then stolen from Luthor by Batman (Ben Affleck), who uses it to create kryptonite gas pellets and a kryptonite-tipped spear, both of which he later uses in battle with Superman (Henry Cavill). Doomsday is also shown to be weakened by kryptonite, allowing Superman to use the spear to kill him in the film's climax.[22]

Video games
  • In Superman: Atari 2600 (1978) Luthor has created kryptonite satellites and scattered them around Metropolis that take away Superman's ability to fly when touched. Superman must then walk around Metropolis until he finds and meets Lois Lane to regain his powers.
  • Superman 64 (1999) it appears as kryptonite fog, coined as an excuse for the game's poor draw distance.
  • In the crossover fighting game Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe (2008) kryptonite weakens Superman when exposed, while it makes his Mortal Kombat universe counterpart, the thunder god Raiden, stronger.
  • In Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes (2012) kryptonite is used to power Lex Luthor's weapon the "Deconstructor".
  • Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure (2013) showcases the material in different forms.
  • Kryptonite is one of the foundation elements in Lego Dimensions.
  • Injustice: Gods Among Us (2013) features a kryptonite laser designed as a fail-safe against Superman should he turn against humanity.
  • Gold and green kryptonite appear in the story mode of Injustice 2.

Serials

Columbia Pictures produced two 15-part motion picture serials that used kryptonite as a plot device: Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950).

Music

Songs:

See also

References
  1. Horton, Andrew; McDougal, Stuart Y.; Braudy, Leo (1998). Play it Again, Sam: Retakes on Remakes. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 287. ISBN 0520205936.
  2. Jones, Gerard (2004). Men Of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. pp. 181–183. ISBN 0465036562.
  3. Hayde, Michael J. (2009). Flights of Fantasy: The Unauthorized but True Story of Radio & TV's Adventures of Superman. BearManor Media. ISBN 9781593933449.
    "Only one arc in 1943 managed to transcend its era: "The Meteor from Krypton." Debuting on June 3, it marked the debut of kryptonite..."
  4. Schwartz, Julius (2000). Man of Two Worlds: My Life in Science Fiction and Comics. HarperEntertainment. ISBN 0-380-81051-4.
    pg 132-133
  5. Hayde, Michael J. (2009). Flights of Fantasy: The Unauthorized but True Story of Radio & TV's Adventures of Superman. BearManor Media. ISBN 9781593933449.
    "Since Superman’s life isn’t threatened — the meteorite never leaves the doctor’s custody — it’s likely that Lowther’s primary intent was to create a means for Superman to discover his own origin."
  6. Bill Finger (w), Al Pastino (p). "Superman's Return to Krypton!" Superman #61 (November 1949), DC Comics
  7. Tippens, Norman (6 December 2000). "Dorothy Woolfolk, Superman Editor". Daily Press. WebCite. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  8. Fleisher, Michael L. (2007). The Original Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume Three: Superman. DC Comics. pp. 369–375. ISBN 1-4012-1389-8.
  9. Greenberger, Robert; Pasko, Martin (2010). The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. pp. 174–177. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.
  10. Byrne, John (w), Byrne, John (p), Kesel, Karl (i). "Bloodsport!" Superman v2, 4: 22 (April, 1987), DC Comics
  11. Mark Waid (w), Alex Ross (a). Kingdom Come: 129/4 (1997), New York: DC Comics, ISBN 1563893304
  12. Grant Morrison (w), Frank Quietly (p). All-Star Superman #1 (January 2006), DC Comics
  13. John Byrne (w), Dick Giordano (p). "Games People Play" Action Comics #600: 8 (May 1988), DC Comics
  14. Fleisher, Michael L. (2007). The Original Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume Three: Superman. DC Comics. pp. 369–375. ISBN 1-4012-1389-8.
  15. Grant Morrison (w), Frank Quietly (p). JLA: Earth 2: 73/1 (September 2000), DC Comics
  16. Geoff Johns, Richard Donner (w), Adam Kubert (p). "Last Son" Action Comics Annual #11 (July 2008), DC Comics
  17. Scharping, Nathaniel (April 4, 2018). "Space Metal Has Captivated Humanity for Ages". Discover.
  18. "'Kryptonite' discovered in mine", BBC News, 24 Apr 2007
  19. ABC
  20. CNN
  21. Washington Post
  22. Staskiewicz, Keith (2 July 2015). "'Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice': 6 EW exclusive photos". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  23. Storm, Ian (11 September 2005). "3 Doors Down – The Better Life (album review 4)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  24. "Big Boi Presents...Got Purp?, Vol. 2 – Big Boi, Purple Ribbon All-Stars". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  25. "Pocket Full of Kryptonite – Spin Doctors". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
← The 16th of the Superman theatrical animated short series would be released. See The Underground World for more info and the previous timeline. Timeline of DC Comics (1940s)
April 1943		 The character Doctor Psycho was debuted by William Moulton Marston and H. G. Peter. See Doctor Psycho for more info and next timeline. →
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