Last words of Julius Caesar

During the assassination, senator Tillius Cimber grabbed hold of Caesar's toga and pulled it down from his neck, which signaled to the other conspirators that it was time to attack. According to the historian Suetonius, Caesar shouted out in Latin, "Ista quidem vis est!" ("Why, this is violence!" or "But this is violence!") when his toga was ripped down from his shoulder. Suetonius further writes that Caesar spoke no more after this, besides a groan after the first knife blow, and died without saying anything.[6][7] It is suggested that this groan was more of an aggressive "spontaneous curse".[8] Another version sometimes parroted is "What is this? Such violence against Caesar!";[lower-alpha 1] this version is a twisting of Suetonius's writing and not an accurate translation of surviving texts, which seems to emphasise Caesar's ego as it implies both affront and shock that anyone would ever dare to attempt to attack him.[10]

However, the historian Plutarch claims that Caesar cried out in Latin "Foulest Casca, what are you doing?"—alternately translated as "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?"—after being stabbed by senator Servilius Casca, the first conspirator to do so. Plutarch does not provide the actual Latin phrase but rather reports it in Greek as "μιαρώτατε Κάσκα, τί ποιεῖς" (Miarṓtate Káska, tí poieîs?)[lower-alpha 2] Plutarch does not give any further quotes, but he says that Caesar "cried aloud" as he fought back and tried to escape, but gave up when he saw senator Marcus Junius Brutus among the assassins.[12]

Though Suetonius, Cassius Dio and probably Plutarch as well seem to have believed that Caesar died without saying anything further,[13] the first two reported that according to others Caesar had spoken[14] the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ τέκνον" (Kaì sú, téknon - You too, [my] child) to Brutus, as (Suetonius) or after (Dio) the latter struck at him. Modern scholars have expressed that their denial that Caesar said anything might be due to the idea that it was thought at the time to be more honourable to die silent as a soldier.

The subject of this comment is, like in antiquity, almost universally believed to have been directed at Marcus Junius Brutus, who was the son of Caesar's favorite mistress Servilia, and was said to have been very dear to Caesar, but there has been speculation that the words may have actually been meant to be said to Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus[15] with whom Caesar also had a very close relationship and on several occasions described as "like a son to him".[16] Both men were rumored at the time in Rome to be Caesar's illegitimate children.[17]

While téknon is often translated as "son", the word is gender-neutral and is more literally "child" or "offspring". The intended message of the term has also been interpreted as endearment, or an insult, and as a claim of actual paternity, though historians believe this is unlikely. The phrase's status as a question is debatable. It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning instead, along the lines of "you too will die like this" or "may the same thing happen to you"; Brutus later stabbed himself to death, or rather threw himself onto a blade held by an attendant.[18] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[19]

This phrase is thought to have inspired the more famous wording, "Et tu, Brute?" which was used by Richard Edes in his play Caesar Interfectus which later likely inspired William Shakespeare for his Caesar play.[20] While "Et tu, Brute?" is the best known Latin version of the phrase in the English-speaking world due to Shakespeare, another well-known version in continental Europe is "Tu quoque, fili mi?" (or "mi fili?" with the same meaning), which is a more direct translation from the Greek.

Keith Massey, an American linguist and historian, has written about the subject and believes that the words Caesar uttered to Brutus have simply been misunderstood throughout history, he thinks that Caesar more likely said "Quaeso te, non!" which is Latin for "I beg you, no!". He deduced this by listening to the sounds of the Greek words and looking for Latin ones which might be confused for them. He argues that yelling out for mercy is more plausible to have been said by someone in their native language who is under attack than anything else.[21]