Latino poetry

The work is most often written only in English and Spanish with flourishes of code-switching and Spanglish.[3] However, Latino/a poetry is also written in Portuguese and can include Nahuatl, Mayan, Huichol, Arawakan, and other indigenous languages related to the Latino experience.[2][4] The most prominent cultural groups that write Latino poetry are Mexican-Americans and Chicanos, Puerto Ricans and Nuyoricans, Cuban-Americans, Dominican-Americans, and Central Americans.

Iconic Latino poets who write in Spanish, Spanglish, and English are: Miguel Algarin, Giannina Braschi, Carmen Boullosa, Ana Castillo, Sandra Cisneros, Guillermo Gómez-Peña, Pedro Pietri, Miguel Piñero, and Tato Laviera.[3]

Major latino poets who write primarily in English are William Carlos Williams, Martín Espada, Sandra Maria Esteves, Cristina García, and Jimmy Santíago Baca.[5][6]

Latinx poetry explores a wide variety of personal, social justice, historical, spanning enduring subjects of love, death, language, family, and history[7] to newsworthy subjects of immigration ban, human rights, DACA, and DREAMers.[7] Borders are a prevalent theme of Latino poetry. Their genres are widely varied, spanning epic poetry, prose poetry, narrative poetry, lyric poems, hip hop, rap, reggaeton, as well as experimental and bilingual formats.[3]

William Carlos Williams (whose English father was raised in Dominican Republic, and whose his mother was from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.) wrote the poetry epic Paterson from 1946 to 1958.[8] He is associated with the American modernism and imagism.[9] [8] With the goal of expanding American audiences for literature written in Spanish, Williams and José Vázquez-Amaral translated Spanish and Latin American literature together, including Figueredo’s “Naked”; Pablo Neruda’s “Ode to Laziness”; and Silvino Ocampo’s “The Infinite Horses.”[10] Williams also translated The Dog and the Fever, a novella by Pedro Espinosa.[11]

Among the major Latinx lyric poets writing today are MacArthur Award winner Sandra Cisneros[12] (author of the feminist classic Loose Woman, 1994) and Richard Blanco, whom Barack Obama selected to write his Presidential inauguration poem.[13] In How to Love a Country, Richard Blanco, born of Cuban exiles, writes in a mix of English and Spanish about the trauma of immigration and exile, especially for those whose lives are entwined in DACA or who live as DREAMers.[14]

Latinx poets who use dramatic poetry in an epic work include Lin-Manuel Miranda, the creator of the Broadway Musicals In the Heights (2008) and Hamilton (2015), which has rhyming couplets throughout the historical play, often multiple couplets within a single line of verse.[15] Hamilton is widely used to teach poetry in classrooms.[16][17] Another dramatic Latinx poet is Giannina Braschi who writes epic poetry that embeds dramatic, lyrical, and prose poems into lyric essays, political manifestos, and short stories.[18][19] Braschi's cross-genre poetry works include Empire of Dreams (1994), the Spanglish classic Yo-Yo Boing! (1998), and the geopolitical comic-tragedy United States of Banana (2011) about the collapse of the American empire and the distribution of American passports to all Latin Americans Americans.[20]

Other important works of poetry on American immigration and the Mexican border include187 Reasons Mexicanos Can’t Cross the Border: Undocuments (1971-2007) and Border-Crosser with a Lamborghini Dream (1999) by Juan Felipe Herrera.[21][22]

During the civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s, Latino/a poets, artists, and activists formed bilingual literary journals, magazines, publishing houses, and cultural centers to disseminate their poetry, honor their cultural legacies, and advance social justice for Latino/a communities.[23] Until they created their own publishing venues their works were not available. Examples of Latino founded early publishing platforms include: the performance venue Nuyorican Poets Cafe (1973); magazines such as Corazon De Aztlán (1972), Revista Chicano-Riqueña (1973), [24] Chiricú (1976); and independent publishing house Arte Publico Press (1979) which brought bilingual authors such as Sandra Cisneros, Miguel Piñero, Pat Mora, and Nicholasa Mohr into the mainstream.[25][26]

It was not until 2012 that Juan Felipe Herrera, the son of migrant workers from Mexico, became the first Latino to serve as poet laureate of the United States.[27] Several Latino poets have since been elected to mainstream American poetry institutions such Poetry Society of America (i.e., Rigoberto Gonzalez on the board[28]) and Academy of American Poets ( Alberto Rios [29] as Chancellor). However, Latinx and other BIPOC poets, especially women, remain underrepresented in National Poetry Month and other mainstream American poetry organizations in the United States.[30]

However, there is a plethora of scholarly forums for the dissemination of research and teaching methods related to Latino poetry. Since 1968, there are many institutes and programs in colleges and universities throughout the United States that teach Latino literature as a counter narrative to typically Eurocentric classes.[31] In addition, the largest language and academic literary associations feature post-graduate level panels and events on developments in latino poetry, such as Modern Language Association, Latin American Studies Association, American Comparative Literature Association, American Literature Association, among others.

• Elizabeth Acevedo[32][33]
• Julia Alvarez[34][35]
• Marjorie Agosin[36]
• Francisco X. Alarcon[37]
• Richard Blanco[38]
• Giannina Braschi[20][39][40]
• Carmen Boullosa [41]
• Ana Castillo[33]
• Sandra Cisneros[42][43]
• Cynthia Cruz[44]
• Lorna Dee Cervantes[45]
• Martin Espada [46][47]
• Guillermo Gómez-Peña[48]
• Rigoberto González[49]
• Alberto Baltazar Urista (Alurista) [50]
• Juan Felipe Herrera [51]
• Ada Limon[52]
• Carmen Maria Machado[35]
• Lupe Mendez[46]
• Lin-Manuel Miranda
• Urayoán Noel[53]
• Carlos Pintado
• Jesús Papoleto Meléndez [46]
• Ruben Quesada
• Alberto Rios[54]
• Jimmy Santiago Baca
• Gary Soto
• Virgil Suarez
• Luís Alberto Urrea[55]
• William Carlos Williams

• Chicano poetry
• Caribbean poetry
• Nuyorican
• American literature in Spanish
• List of Mexican American writers
• List of Cuban American writers
• List of Puerto Rican writers

• The FSG Book of Twentieth Century Latin American Poetry (on the history of Latin American and Latino/a poetry). (2011). [The FSG book of twentieth-century Latin American poetry : an anthology. Stavans, Ilan. (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. 2011. ISBN 978-0-374-10024-7. OCLC 650212679.CS1 maint: others (link)]
• The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature, a 2,700-page compendium that includes two hundred authors from the colonial period to 21st century Latinx poets
• Abriendo Caminos/Breaking Ground: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York 1980-2012 edited by Myrna Nieves.
• The Latinx Poetry Project Paperback, edited by Davina Ferreira. (2020).
• Floricanto Si!: A Collection of Latina Poetry edited by Bryce Milligan.