Lazaret, Niger

The Sahel is a belt of grassland and savanna, with areas of woods and shrubs, that runs along the southern rim of the Sahara desert. It includes parts of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad. The people of the region mostly live through herding, farming and fishing. Farming in most areas depends on the rain that falls during a three-month period of the summer, although irrigation is practiced along the banks of rivers and lakes. The region is subject to periodic droughts.[2]

A long period of below-average rainfall occurred in the Sahel between the late 1960s and the early 1980s. The drought was extreme between 1968 and 1974, with around 100,000 people dying. Farmers and pastoralists were forced to move, with many ending up in refugee camps.[2] The Lazaret camp was mostly occupied by Tuareg nomads who had moved south from Mali, and held up to 20,000 people.[3] Traditionally breeders, the Tuaregs had been forced to seek refuge in the camps when the drought killed their herds.[4] The nomads at Lazaret had lost at least one sixth of their strength before resigning themselves to move to the camp.[5] Some of them, suffering from acute malnutrition, died after reaching the camp from diseases such as measles or pneumonia.[6]

Lazaret was one of the most extended of the Sahelian camps, situated 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of Niamey, the capital of Niger, on the road to Ouallam. The local authorities largely delegated management of the camps to charitable organizations, the Catholic Mission in the case of Lazaret. This organization relied on people among the refugees who were recognized as chiefs to handle distribution of supplies and to maintain a degree of order. [7] Each quarter of the camp was named after the place of origin of the refugees and reproduced the social structure of that region.[8] Some of the housing was made of mats purchased by the Catholic mission while the rest were made from cardboard, rags or other material recovered by the refugees from the streets of the capital.[9]

The Red Cross undertook many of the camp operations, supplying a clinic, tents and food.[10] Many of the refugees lacked such basic equipment as pots in which to store water.[11] The Red Cross feared that an epidemic of cholera would break out in the camps once the 1974 rainy season began. The nomad refugees in the Lazaret camp were most at risk.[12] They were in poor health and the crowded conditions were ideal for the spread is disease.[11]

In October 1974 the camp was moved to a new location, Lazaret II, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Niamey in order to limit contact between the refugees and the capital.[7] The new camp remained full, with the families grouped by place of origin: Gao, Bourem, Timbuktu or Kidal. The French Red Cross renewed its aid for another year.[13] In April 1975 UNESCO reported that 13,000 nomads had been counted in the Lazaret camp.[14] Later the whole population had to move again to the Gao plateau in Mali, where nothing had been prepared for their reception.[15] Normal rainfall arrived in 1976. Goats and sheep gave birth and livestock levels began to return to normal. The refugees from Lazaret began to return to their grazing lands.[16]

Despite the drought, the period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at Arlit. In this period, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants.[17] The city expanded from 1,367 hectares (3,380 acres) in 1970 to 4,400 hectares (11,000 acres) by 1977, in the process annexing the peripheral villages. The flimsy huts of Lazaret were replaced by solid buildings of baked mud.[18] One of the first bilingual (French and Hausa) schools in Niger was founded in Lazaret in October 1983.[19] As of 2003 Lazaret was the location for a major market, mostly for animals and animal products brought from the countryside for sale to the butchers and industrial users of Niamey.[20]

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