Lemon squeezer

1860 L.P. Chichester lemon squeezer patent

The oldest known lemon squeezers were found in Kütahya, Turkey and date to the first quarter of the 18th century.[1] These ceramic presses are in the traditional style of Turkish pottery of the 18th century and have a superficial resemblance to today's press equipment with cones, though they are designed differently. These examples were individually made, and specially designed for making the then popular citrus drink sorbet. Lemons are not native to northern Turkey, though during the 17th and 18th centuries they were imported in bulk to Constantinople.[1]

At the end of the 19th century a large number of different models of lemon squeezers were patented in the United States. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office lists over 200 patents for lemon squeezers, the majority of which were registered between 1880 and 1910. The oldest of these patents was issued to Lewis S. Chichester on July 3, 1860 for a cast iron squeezer. The stated purpose of the invention was "to obtain a simple, economical and durable implement whereby lemons may be squeezed for domestic purposes with much less power and with far greater facility than by the ordinary squeezers in general use."[2]

The patents filed around the turn of the 19th/20th century show a variety of different functional principles. They range from small models to be used at the table (with which individual lemon wedges can be squeezed out over a glass or dish) to mechanically complex equipment which is firmly attached to the kitchen table or counter with screw clamps. It is noteworthy that nearly all of these patents merely put pressure on the lemon or lemon half, without the fruit being rotated. The patents vary mainly in their different mechanisms how they create this pressure. Usually, leverage or screw presses were used. It is no longer possible to reconstruct how many of those patents were actually produced for the market.

• 
  US patent for a lemon squeezer by Hurley, 1887
• 
  Dunlap, 1890
• 
  Barrett, 1893
• 
  Wilson, 1886
• 
  Morgan, 1896
• 
  Walker, 1897
• 
  Filler, 1910
• 
  Carroll, 1915

Philippe Starck's "Juicy Salif" squeezer (1990), not actually meant to squeeze citrus.

Koziol "Ahoi"

Not all squeezers are actually meant to squeeze. Perhaps the most famous example of this is the "Juicy Salif", designed by Philippe Starck in 1990. It is considered an icon of industrial design, and has been displayed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Manufactured by Italian kitchenware company Alessi and made from cast and polished aluminium, it is 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in diameter, and 29 cm (11 in) high. The founder of the company, Alberto Alessi, recalled:

I received a napkin from Starck, on it among some incomprehensible marks (tomato sauce, in all likelihood) there were some sketches. Sketches of squid. They started on the left, and as they worked their way over to the right, they took on the unmistakable shape of what was to become the juicy salif. While eating a dish of squid and squeezing a lemon over it, Starck drew on the napkin his famous lemon squeezer.[3][4]

For the tenth anniversary of its launch, 10,000 "Juicy Salifs" were issued, individually numbered and gold-plated. There has also been a grey/black (anthracite) coloured version, of which 47,000 un-numbered examples were produced between 1991 and 2004.[5] Both now are collectors' items, though an urban legend perpetuates that the anthracite version is rarer than the gold-plated one.

The gold-plated version has been described as an ornament because citric acid would discolor and erode the gold plating. Starck even said his squeezer was "not meant to squeeze lemons" but "to start conversations".[6] For this reason, Starck's "Juicy Salif" was featured on the front cover of Donald Norman's book Emotional Design.

If the "Juicy Salif" has become an icon of post-modernism following the debate it engendered, other designers have also developed highly innovative citrus squeezer. They respond to new usage scenarios by considering the ergonomics of their product as important as aesthetics. In 1999, the German producer Koziol launched "Ahoi", a lemon juicer inspired by paper boats and designed by the Italian architect Paolo Pedrizzetti. In 2009, Joseph Joseph introduced the "Catcher", a pestle squeezer that filters out seeds, designed by Graeme Davies. In 2011, the Dutch company Royal VKB introduced the "Citrange", a playful double sided hand juicer which can be placed straight onto the glass, designed by the Belgian designer Quentin de Coster.[7] In 2012, the Spanish brand Lékué launched its "Citrus Spray", a juicer that works like a spray from the creators Rojeski Disseny and Joan Alberto Arza.[8]

A wooden lemon squeezer has been passed down to students of Trinity College (Connecticut) since 1857. It was originally used to make punch, but William W. Niles, who later became the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire, established the tradition of handing down the lemon squeezer to the most popular rising class during Class Day. Soon afterward, rivalry built between classes and the lemon squeezer was stolen, replaced, and re-stolen multiple times, so that there are multiple allegedly original utensils circulating. The latest version of the lemon squeezer makes its only appearance during Convocation when the college president squeezes a fresh lemon to make a toast to the incoming class.[9][10]

• Citrus reamer

• Media related to Lemon squeezers at Wikimedia Commons
• Image of the Juicy Salif at the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris