Libertia

Libertia
	Libertia grandiflora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Subfamily:	Iridoideae
Tribe:	Sisyrinchieae
Genus:	Libertia; Spreng. 1824, conserved name not Dumort. 1822 (syn of Hosta) nor Lej. 1825 (syn of Bromus)
Type species
	Libertia ixioides; (Forster f.) Spreng.
Synonyms[1]
	Tekel Adans.; Tekelia Scop.; Renealmia R.Br. 1810 not L. 1753 nor L.f. 1782; Nematostigma A.Dietr.; Orthrosanthus Sweet; Taumastos Raf.; Choeradodia Herb.; Ezeria Raf.;

Libertia is a genus of monocotyledenous plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1824.[2] It is native to South America, Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand. Seven species are endemic to New Zealand.[1][3][4]

Libertia peregrinans

Libertia is made up of herbaceous or evergreen perennials growing from short rhizomes,[2] with simple, linear or narrowly lanceolate basal leaves which are often green but may be red, orange, or yellow under direct sunlight.[5] The showy white or blue trimerous flowers are open in spring and are followed by capsules opening by three valves which contain the numerous seeds.[6]

The genus was named after the Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert[7] (1782–1865) (also referred to as Anne-Marie Libert).[8]

The species Libertia chilensis has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[9][10]

Species[1]

Libertia chilensis (Molina) Gunckel - central + southern Chile, southern Argentina, Juan Fernández Islands
Libertia colombiana R.C.Foster - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Libertia cranwelliae Blanchon, B.G.Murray & Braggins - North Island of New Zealand [3]
Libertia edgariae Blanchon, B.G.Murray & Braggins - North Island of New Zealand[3]
Libertia falcata Ravenna - Los Lagos region of Chile
Libertia flaccidifolia Blanchon & J.S.Weaver - North Island of New Zealand
Libertia grandiflora (R.Br.) Sweet - North + South Islands of New Zealand
Libertia insignis Ravenna - Los Lagos region of Chile
Libertia ixioides (G.Forst.) Spreng. - North + South Islands of New Zealand
Libertia mooreae Blanchon, B.G.Murray & Braggins - North + South Islands of New Zealand[3]
Libertia paniculata (R.Br.) Spreng. - eastern Australia [11] - Branching Grass Flag
Libertia peregrinans Cockayne & Allan - North + South + Chatham Islands of New Zealand
Libertia pulchella (R.Br.) Spreng. - New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, North + South Islands of New Zealand, New Guinea[4][12]
Libertia sessiliflora (Poepp.) Skottsb. - central Chile
Libertia tricocca Phil. - central + southern Chile
Libertia umbellata Ravenna - Los Lagos region of Chile

Selected formerly included[1]

Numerous names have been coined using the name Libertia, referring to species that are now regarded as better suited to other genera (Bromus Cardiocrinum Hosta Orthrosanthus).

Libertia arduennensis - Bromus bromoideus
Libertia arundinacea - Bromus bromoideus
Libertia azurea - Orthrosanthus multiflorus
Libertia cernua - Hosta plantaginea
Libertia graminea - Orthrosanthus laxus var. gramineus
Libertia heteroclita - Cardiocrinum cordatum
Libertia laxa - Orthrosanthus laxus
Libertia recta - Hosta ventricosa
Libertia stricta - Orthrosanthus multiflorus

Cytology

Libertia has a high rate of polyploidy, with 9/11 of assessed species confirmed as polyploid and only 2 confirmed as diploid.[3] This is not unprecedented, with polyploidy being a common feature in the tribe Sisyrinchieae.[13] The uniform base number of x=19[13] is, however, defining within the tribe. This base number is not found elsewhere in the tribe and only Diplarrhena and Solenomelus have uniform base numbers intragenerically.[13]

All New Zealand endemic species of Libertia are hexaploid or dodecaploid,[14][15][16][17][3] while these levels of ploidy have not been found outside New Zealand. Polyploidy is more prevalent in New Zealand species across all botanical taxa[18][19] and this has been attributed as a relic of glacial refugia during glacial maximums.[20]

Distribution	Species	Ploidy Level	Chromosomal Count	Contention
South American	L. chilensis	4x (6x)	76[15] (72, 114)[21]	Due to numerous issues with this study, authors found the sample, identified as Libertia ixioides (New Zealand endemic) but collected from Chile, to have 72 chromosomes present.[22] This was most likely a misidentification of Libertia chilensis, with a further error in counting. Samples from the Juan Fernandez Islands were found to have 114 chromosomes, in comparison to the 76 found on the mainland.[21]
South American	L. colombiana	No data available.	No data available.
New Zealand endemic	L. cranwelliae	12x	228[3]
New Zealand endemic	L. edgariae	6x	114[3]
South American	L. falcata	No data available.	No data available.
New Zealand endemic	L. flaccidifolia	12x	228[14]
New Zealand endemic	L. grandiflora	6x	114[17] (228, 230)[14]	The 228/230 chromosome specimen was likely Libertia flaccidifolia,[17] before the 2009 naming by Blanchon and Weaver.[14]
South American	L. insignis	No data available.	No data available.
New Zealand endemic	L. ixioides	12x	228[17] (220-230, 230)[15]	Due to the difficulty in counting chromosomes, authors found between 220 and 230 chromosomes in different counts, with 228 being the average count.[15]
New Zealand endemic	L. mooreae	6x	114[3]
Australian	L. paniculata	4x	76[15]
New Zealand endemic	L. peregrinans	6x	114[16]
Australasia-New Zealand	L. pulchella	2x	38[16]
South American	L. sessiliflora	2x	38[15]
South American	L. tricocca	No data available.	No data available.
South American	L. umbellata	No data available.	No data available.

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Sprengel, Curt Polycarp Joachim 1824. Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 127 in Latin
Blanchon, D.J.; et al. (2002). "A taxonomic revision of Libertia (Iridaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (3): 437–456. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2002.9512805. S2CID 83634447.
"Census of vascular plants of Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 2010-01-01.
"Stephen Butler | IGPS Blog". igpsblogs.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
Goldblatt; Henrich; Keating, Peter; James; Richard (1989). "Seed morphology of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae-Sisyrinchieae) and its allies". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4): 1109–1117. doi:10.2307/2399695. JSTOR 2399695.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Quattrocchi, Umberto (2006). CRC World Dictionary of Grasses, Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. 1. Taylor and Francis. p. 124. ISBN 9781420003222.
Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 215–16. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.
"RHS Plantfinder - Libertia chilensis". Retrieved 22 March 2018.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
"Libertia paniculata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
"Libertia pulchella". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
Goldblatt; Takei, P.; M. (1997). "Chromosome cytology of Iridaceae-patterns of variation, determination of ancestral base numbers, and modes of karyotype change". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (2): 285–304. doi:10.2307/2400005. JSTOR 2400005.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Blanchon; Weaver, D.J.; J.S. (2009). "Libertia flaccidifolia (Iridaceae), a new species from Mt. Tamahunga, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (3): 317–324. doi:10.1080/00288250909509812. S2CID 86060799.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Blanchon, D.J. (2000). "Chromosome numbers in the genus Libertia". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 38 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2000.9512681.
Hair; Beuzenberg; Pearson, J.B.; E.J.; B. (1967). "Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora - 9. Miscellaneous families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5: 185–196. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428739.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Moore, L.B. (1967). "The New Zealand species of Libertia (Iridaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5 (2): 255–275. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428745.
Rendle; Murray, H.; B.G. (1989). "Chromosome relationships and breeding barriers in New Zealand species of Ranunculus". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 27 (3): 437–444. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1989.10414124.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Murray; Cameron; Standring, B.G.; E.K.; L.S. (1992). "Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and nuclear DNA variation in Pratia Gaudin (Lobeliaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 30 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1992.10412897.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
McQueen, D.R. (1992). "Disjunction of tree species in mountain forests, southern North Island, New Zealand: a review of paleobotanical evidence". Pacific Science. 46 (2): 269–275.
Sanders; Stuessy; Rodriguez, R.W.; T.F.; R. (1983). "Chromosome numbers from the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands". American Journal of Botany. 70 (6): 799–810. doi:10.2307/2442929. JSTOR 2442929.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kenton; Heywood, A.; C.A. (1984). "Cytological studies in South American Iridaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 146 (1–2): 87–104. doi:10.1007/bf00984056. S2CID 39542853.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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[k-1] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[:0-2] Sprengel, Curt Polycarp Joachim 1824. Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 127 in Latin

[blanchon-3] Blanchon, D.J.; et al. (2002). "A taxonomic revision of Libertia (Iridaceae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (3): 437–456. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2002.9512805. S2CID 83634447.

[gn-4] "Census of vascular plants of Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 2010-01-01.

[5] "Stephen Butler | IGPS Blog". igpsblogs.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2017-03-12.

[6] Goldblatt; Henrich; Keating, Peter; James; Richard (1989). "Seed morphology of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae-Sisyrinchieae) and its allies". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4): 1109–1117. doi:10.2307/2399695. JSTOR 2399695.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[7] Quattrocchi, Umberto (2006). CRC World Dictionary of Grasses, Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. 1. Taylor and Francis. p. 124. ISBN 9781420003222.

[Goldblatt2008-8] Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 215–16. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.

[RHSPF-9] "RHS Plantfinder - Libertia chilensis". Retrieved 22 March 2018.

[10] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[11] "Libertia paniculata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.

[12] "Libertia pulchella". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.

[:1-13] Goldblatt; Takei, P.; M. (1997). "Chromosome cytology of Iridaceae-patterns of variation, determination of ancestral base numbers, and modes of karyotype change". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (2): 285–304. doi:10.2307/2400005. JSTOR 2400005.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:2-14] Blanchon; Weaver, D.J.; J.S. (2009). "Libertia flaccidifolia (Iridaceae), a new species from Mt. Tamahunga, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (3): 317–324. doi:10.1080/00288250909509812. S2CID 86060799.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:3-15] Blanchon, D.J. (2000). "Chromosome numbers in the genus Libertia". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 38 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2000.9512681.

[:4-16] Hair; Beuzenberg; Pearson, J.B.; E.J.; B. (1967). "Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora - 9. Miscellaneous families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5: 185–196. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428739.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:5-17] Moore, L.B. (1967). "The New Zealand species of Libertia (Iridaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 5 (2): 255–275. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1967.10428745.

[18] Rendle; Murray, H.; B.G. (1989). "Chromosome relationships and breeding barriers in New Zealand species of Ranunculus". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 27 (3): 437–444. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1989.10414124.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[19] Murray; Cameron; Standring, B.G.; E.K.; L.S. (1992). "Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and nuclear DNA variation in Pratia Gaudin (Lobeliaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 30 (2): 181–187. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1992.10412897.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[20] McQueen, D.R. (1992). "Disjunction of tree species in mountain forests, southern North Island, New Zealand: a review of paleobotanical evidence". Pacific Science. 46 (2): 269–275.

[:6-21] Sanders; Stuessy; Rodriguez, R.W.; T.F.; R. (1983). "Chromosome numbers from the flora of the Juan Fernandez Islands". American Journal of Botany. 70 (6): 799–810. doi:10.2307/2442929. JSTOR 2442929.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[22] Kenton; Heywood, A.; C.A. (1984). "Cytological studies in South American Iridaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 146 (1–2): 87–104. doi:10.1007/bf00984056. S2CID 39542853.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)