List of NCAA Philippines basketball champions

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) (NCAA) holds its annual basketball tournaments for the Seniors' and Juniors' divisions from June to October of the academic year. The tournament started in 1924, the NCAA's inaugural year, and has been held continuously since then, only interrupted by World War II from 1942 to 1946, suspension of play from 1961 to 1965 due to the proliferation of ineligible players, and the 1980 riot between supporters of La Salle and Letran which wrecked the Rizal Memorial Coliseum which forced the league to suspend the rest of the season.[1]

The 1975 Ateneo Blue Eagles, NCAA seniors' basketball champions
The 1978 San Beda Red Lions, the last NCAA seniors' basketball champions from the school until their 2006 championship

For much of the league's history, the team at the top of the standings during the first half of the season faced the team that won the latter half of the season for the championship; in 1960 if a third team had a better cumulative record than either champion, that team played the champion of the latter half of the season to face the champion of the first half for the league championship.[1]

In 1998, the "Final Four" format used in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) was first applied: in a modified Shaughnessy playoff system, the two teams with the best records possess the "twice to beat advantage" in which they only have to win once to advance to the best-of-three finals while their opponents have to win twice. Prior to the introduction of the "Final Four" format, if a team managed to win all of the elimination round games (or at least won both halves of the season), the team were named outright champions. At the introduction of the "Final Four" format the unbeaten team had an outright finals berth with the twice to beat advantage while the remaining three teams played in a single-elimination tournament; in 2008, the unbeaten team still had an outright finals berth but the finals was a best-of-three series.[2] Starting in 2010, the unbeaten team possesses the "thrice to beat" advantage where they only have to win twice while their opponent has to win thrice to win the championship. In 2017, the league reverted back to a rule where an unbeaten team still had outright finals berth but the finals was a best-of-three series and the number 2 team in the stepladder series will not have twice to beat advantage.[3]

List of champions per year

* Denotes school that won both juniors' and seniors' championship in the same year

Early years (1924–1935)

The NCAA was founded by the Ateneo de Manila, De La Salle College, the Institute of Accounts (known today as Far Eastern University), National University, San Beda College, the University of Manila, the University of the Philippines Manila and the University of Santo Tomas. Membership was fluid, and the composition of the league changed frequently. To this date, San Beda College is the only founding member left in the league.[1]

NCAA Season Juniors Seniors Host school
1 (1924–25) Ateneo de Manila (1) (Midgets)
 De La Salle College (1) (Juniors)
 University of the Philippines Manila (1) University of the Philippines Manila
2 (1925–26) University of the Philippines Manila (1) (Midgets)* University of the Philippines Manila* (2) University of the Philippines Manila
3 (1926–27) University of the Philippines Manila (2) (Midgets)* University of the Philippines Manila* (3) University of the Philippines Manila
4 (1927–28) University of the Philippines Manila (3) (Midgets) San Beda College (1)none
5 (1928–29) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1) (Midgets) Ateneo de Manila (1) University of the Philippines Manila
6 (1929–30) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (2) (Midgets) University of the Philippines Manila (4) University of Santo Tomas
7 (1930–31) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (3) (Midgets) University of Santo Tomas (1) Ateneo de Manila
8 (1931–32) Ateneo de Manila (2)*
 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (4)
 De La Salle College (2)
 Institute of Accounts (1) (4-way tie)[4]
 Ateneo de Manila* (2) Ateneo de Manila
9 (1932–33) Ateneo de Manila* (3)[5] Ateneo de Manila* (3) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
10 (1933–34) Ateneo de Manila* (4) Ateneo de Manila* (4) José Rizal College
11 (1934–35) De La Salle College (3)[5] San Beda College (2) José Rizal College
12 (1935–36) Ateneo de Manila (5)
 José Rizal College (1)
 Mapúa Institute of Technology (1) (3-way tie)[5]
 San Beda College (3) San Beda College

The old-timer six (1936–68)

After National University, University of the Philippines Manila, and University of Santo Tomas left the league in 1932, the Ateneo de Manila, Colegio de San Juan de Letran, De La Salle College, José Rizal College, Mapúa Institute of Technology and San Beda College continued the league and the league's membership remained unchanged for several decades.[1]

World War II interrupted the league's activities in 1941, but the league resumed operations after the war in 1947.

Academic
year
Juniors Seniors Host school
1936–37 Ateneo de Manila (6)[5] San Beda College (4) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1937–38 Ateneo de Manila* (7) Ateneo de Manila* (5)none
1938–39 Ateneo de Manila (8) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1939–40 De La Salle College* (4) De La Salle College* (1) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1940–41 Mapúa Institute of Technology (2) San Beda College (5) José Rizal College
1941–42 José Rizal College (2) Ateneo de Manila (6) José Rizal College
1942–43 to 1946–47World War II – not held
1947–48 José Rizal College (3) De La Salle College (2) De La Salle College
1948–49 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (5) José Rizal College (1) De La Salle College
1949–50 José Rizal College (4) Mapúa Institute of Technology (2) De La Salle College
1950–51 Mapúa Institute of Technology (3) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (2) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1951–52 De La Salle College (5) San Beda College (6) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1952–53 José Rizal College (5) San Beda College (7) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1953–54 Mapúa Institute of Technology (4) Ateneo de Manila (7) Ateneo de Manila
1954–55 José Rizal College (6) Ateneo de Manila (8) De La Salle College
1955–56 De La Salle College (6) San Beda College (8) José Rizal College
1956–57 Mapúa Institute of Technology (5) De La Salle College (3) José Rizal College
1957–58 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (6) Ateneo de Manila (9) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1958–59 Mapúa Institute of Technology (6) Ateneo de Manila (10) San Beda College
1959–60 José Rizal College (7) San Beda College (9) Ateneo de Manila University
1960–61 Mapúa Institute of Technology (7) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (3) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1961–62 Mapúa Institute of Technology (8)[5] Ateneo de Manila (11) De La Salle College
1962–63No tournament[2]
1963–64Suspended[1] José Rizal College (2)[3] De La Salle College
1964–65Suspended[1] José Rizal College (3)[3] De La Salle College
1965–66 Mapúa Institute of Technology* (9) Mapúa Institute of Technology* (3) Ateneo de Manila University
1966–67 Ateneo de Manila University (9) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (4) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1967–68 San Beda College (1) José Rizal College (4) José Rizal College
1968–69 Mapúa Institute of Technology (10) José Rizal College (5) Mapúa Institute of Technology

First expansion (1969–78)

San Sebastian College–Recoletos was admitted in 1969, marking the first change in the league's membership since 1936. This increased the league's membership to seven colleges.[1] Trinity College of Quezon City was also admitted in 1974, the league's golden anniversary, according to publications of the day.[6]

Academic
year
Juniors Seniors Host school
1969–70 Mapúa Institute of Technology (11) Ateneo de Manila University (12) San Beda College
1970–71 Mapúa Institute of Technology (12) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (5) Ateneo de Manila University
1971–72 Mapúa Institute of Technology (13) De La Salle College (4) De La Salle College
1972–73 Mapúa Institute of Technology (14) José Rizal College (6) José Rizal College
1973–74 Ateneo de Manila University (10) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (1) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1974–75 San Beda College (2) De La Salle College (5) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
1975–76 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (7) Ateneo de Manila University (13) Ateneo de Manila University &  José Rizal College
1976–77 Ateneo de Manila University* (11) Ateneo de Manila University* (14) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1977–78 José Rizal College (8) San Beda College (10) De La Salle University

First contraction (1978–84)

The Ateneo de Manila University left the league in 1978 after the championship series against San Beda College where the final game was held behind closed doors.[7] In September 1980, De La Salle University withdrew from the league after an August 17 game against Colegio de San Juan Letran turned into a full-blown riot which led to the game being called off. The league ordered the game to be replayed behind closed doors but the then-FIBA recognized basketball association, the Basketball Association of the Philippines, ordered the league to cancel the rest of the season.[8]

San Beda College left in 1984 to concentrate on intramural events.

Academic
Year
Juniors Seniors Host school
1978–79 San Beda College* (3) San Beda College* (11) José Rizal College
1979–80 Colegio de San Juan de Letran* (8) Colegio de San Juan de Letran* (6) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1980–81No champion – Tournament aborted by the Basketball Association of the Philippines[4] San Beda College
1981–82 San Beda College (4) Mapúa Institute of Technology (4)none
1982–83 San Beda College (5) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (7) Trinity College of Quezon City
1983–84 Colegio de San Juan de Letran* (9) Colegio de San Juan de Letran* (8) Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Second expansion (1984–95)

After the Ateneo de Manila, La Salle, and San Beda left, the NCAA opened its doors to new members. In 1984, Perpetual Help College of Rizal was accepted as a new member,[1] while Trinity College of Quezon City became a full member in 1985[9] (despite earlier explanation that the Stallions were admitted earlier, in 1974[6]). San Beda rejoined the league in 1986, while Trinity left in the same year.

Academic
year
Juniors Seniors Host school
1984–85 Trinity College of Quezon City (1) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (9) José Rizal College
1985–86 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (10) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (2) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1986–87 San Sebastian College–Recoletos (1) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (10) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
1987–88 San Beda College (6) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (11) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1988–89 San Beda College (7) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (3) José Rizal College
1989–90 Mapúa Institute of Technology (15) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (4) José Rizal College
1990–91 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (11) Mapúa Institute of Technology (5) Perpetual Help College of Rizal
1991–92 San Beda College (8)[5] Mapúa Institute of Technology (6) San Beda College
1992–93 San Beda College (9) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (12) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
1993–94 Mapúa Institute of Technology (16) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (5) José Rizal College
1994–95 Mapúa Institute of Technology (17) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (6) Mapúa Institute of Technology
1995–96 San Beda College (10) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (7) Perpetual Help College of Rizal

Third expansion (1996–2009)

In 1996, Philippine Christian University became the seventh member of the NCAA. Two years later, De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde was admitted as the eighth member.[1]

The Final Four format as used in the UAAP was first applied in 1998.

Academic
year
Juniors Seniors Host school
1996–97 San Beda College (11) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (8) San Beda College
1997–98 Mapúa Institute of Technology (18) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (9) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
1998–99 Mapúa Institute of Technology (19) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (13) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1999–2000 San Beda College (12) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (14) José Rizal University
2000–01 Mapúa Institute of Technology (20) De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde (1) Mapúa Institute of Technology
2001–02 Colegio de San Juan de Letran (12) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (10) Philippine Christian University
2002–03 San Beda College (13) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (11) San Beda College
2003–04 San Beda College (14) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (15) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
2004–05 San Beda College (15) Philippine Christian University (1) University of Perpetual Help System DALTA
2005–06 San Sebastian College–Recoletos (2) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (16) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
2006–07 San Sebastian College–Recoletos (3) San Beda College (12) De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde
2007–08 San Sebastian College–Recoletos (4) San Beda College (13) José Rizal University
2008–09 San Sebastian College–Recoletos (5) San Beda College (14) Mapúa Institute of Technology

Fourth expansion (2009–present)

In 2009, Angeles University Foundation (AUF), Arellano University, Emilio Aguinaldo College (EAC) participated as guest members for the 2009–10 season;[10] only Arellano and EAC were accepted as members on probation starting on the 2010–11 season.[11] In 2011, Lyceum of the Philippines University was invited as a guest team that would play on the 2011–12 season.[12] Arellano was elevated to regular membership after all the league requirements were met.[13] EAC and Lyceum remained on probation; their status and performances will be evaluated at the end of the 2014-15 season.[14] Weeks before the start of NCAA Season 91, EAC and Lyceum were elevated to regular membership.[15]

Academic
year
Juniors Seniors Host school
2009–10 San Beda College–Rizal (16) San Sebastian College–Recoletos (12) San Beda College
2010–11 San Beda College–Rizal* (17) San Beda College* (15) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
2011–12 San Beda College–Rizal* (18) San Beda College* (16) University of Perpetual Help System DALTA
2012–13 San Beda College–Rizal* (19) San Beda College* (17) Colegio de San Juan de Letran
2013–14 San Beda College–Rizal* (20) San Beda College* (18) De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde
2014–15 San Beda College–Rizal* (21) San Beda College* (19) José Rizal University
2015–16 San Beda College–Rizal (22) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (17) Mapúa Institute of Technology
2016–17 Malayan High School of Science (1) San Beda College (20) San Beda College
2017–18 La Salle Green Hills (1) San Beda College (21) San Sebastian College–Recoletos
2018–19 Malayan High School of Science (2) San Beda University (22) University of Perpetual Help System DALTA
2019–20 San Beda University–Rizal (23) Colegio de San Juan de Letran (18) Arellano University

List of championships per school

San Beda has 45 NCAA basketball championships, the most in NCAA history. San Beda is the only founding member left in the league. Now San Beda has the most number of juniors' and seniors' championships with the juniors having 23 titles and the seniors having 22 of its own. Their juniors team currently holds the record of longest championship streak in the league with seven.
Mapúa won a league-best 21 juniors' championships (including one shared title) until 2015 when San Beda won its 22nd juniors title.
Letran had the most number of NCAA seniors' championships with 18 until 2013 when San Beda won its 18th seniors title. They are currently the defending champions in the seniors' tournament.
San Sebastian College – Recoletos seniors' team had the longest championship run in the league with five consecutive titles until 2014 when San Beda completed its own 5-peat run.
Ateneo de Manila won 14 NCAA Seniors basketball championships before leaving the NCAA in 1978. Up to 2003, the Ateneo had the most number of NCAA seniors' basketball championships.
De La Salle won the first juniors' championship.
School Jrs Srs All Last Srs Last Jrs
San Beda University 23 22 45 2018–19 2019–20
Colegio de San Juan de Letran 12[11] 18 29 2019–20 2001–02
Mapúa University 22[11] 6 28 1991–92 2018–19
Ateneo de Manila University[6] 11[7] 14 25 1976–77 1976–77
San Sebastian College–Recoletos 5 12 17 2009–10 2008–09
José Rizal University[3] 8[11] 6 14 1972–73 1977–78
De La Salle University[6] 6[11] 5 11 1974–75 1955–56
University of the Philippines Manila[6] 3 4 7 1929–30 1927–28
University of Santo Tomas[6] 0 1 1 1930–31 Never
Philippine Christian University[6] 0 1 1 2004–05 Never
De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde [8] 1 1 2000–01 [8]
Trinity College of Quezon City[6] 1 0 1 Never 1984–85
La Salle Green Hills 1 [9] 1 [9] 2017–18
Malayan High School of Science 1 [10] 1 [10] 2016-17
Far Eastern University[6] 1 0 1 Never 1931–32[11]
Arellano University 0 0 0 Never Never
Emilio Aguinaldo College 0 0 0 Never Never
Lyceum of the Philippines University 0 0 0 Never Never
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA 0 0 0 Never Never

Championship streaks

Ongoing streak
No.DivisionSchoolSeasons
7JuniorsSan Beda College2009–10 to 2015-16
5SeniorsSan Sebastian College–Recoletos1993–94 to 1997–98
5SeniorsSan Beda College2010–11 to 2014-15
5JuniorsMapúa Institute of Technology1968–69 to 1972–73
4JuniorsSan Sebastian College–Recoletos2005–06 to 2008–09
4JuniorsAteneo de Manila1935–36[10] to 1938–39
4JuniorsColegio de San Juan de Letran1928–29 to 1931–32[10]
3SeniorsSan Beda University2016–17 to 2018–19
3SeniorsSan Beda College2006–07 to 2008–09
3JuniorsSan Beda College2002–03 to 2004–05
3SeniorsColegio de San Juan de Letran1982–83 to 1984–85
3SeniorsSan Beda College1934–35 to 1936–37
3SeniorsAteneo de Manila1931–32 to 1933–34
3JuniorsAteneo de Manila1931–32[10] to 1933–34
3JuniorsUniversity of the Philippines Manila1925–26 to 1927–28
3SeniorsUniversity of the Philippines Manila1924–25 to 1926–27
2SeniorsSan Sebastian College–Recoletos2001–02 to 2002–03
2SeniorsColegio de San Juan de Letran1998–99 to 1999–2000
2JuniorsMapúa Institute of Technology1997–98 to 1998–99
2JuniorsSan Beda College1995–96 to 1996–97
2JuniorsMapúa Institute of Technology1993–94 to 1994–95
2JuniorsSan Beda College1991–92 to 1992–93
2SeniorsMapúa Institute of Technology1990–91 to 1991–92
2SeniorsSan Sebastian College–Recoletos1988–89 to 1989–90
2JuniorsSan Beda College1987–88 to 1988–89
2SeniorsColegio de San Juan de Letran1986–87 to 1987–88
2JuniorsSan Beda College1981–82 to 1982–83
2SeniorsSan Beda College1977–78 to 1978–79
2SeniorsAteneo de Manila University1975–76 to 1976–77
2JuniorsAteneo de Manila University1975–76 to 1976–77
2SeniorsJosé Rizal College1967–68 to 1968–69
2SeniorsJosé Rizal College1963–64 to 1964–65
2JuniorsMapúa Institute of Technology1960–61 to 1961–62[5]
2SeniorsAteneo de Manila1957–58 to 1958–59
2SeniorsAteneo de Manila1953–54 to 1954–55
2SeniorsSan Beda College1951–52 to 1952–53
2SeniorsAteneo de Manila1931–32 to 1932–33

Statistics

  • Longest finals appearances
Division Team Duration
from until
Juniors' San Beda University-Rizal Season 85 (2009) Season 92 (2015)
Men's San Beda University Season 82 (2006) Season 95 (2019)
  • Longest finals match-ups between two teams
Division Teams Duration
from until
Juniors'
Men's San Beda University,
San Sebastian College-Recoletos
Season 85 (2009) Season 87 (2011)
  • Longest championship streaks
Division Team Streak Duration
from until
Juniors' San Beda University-Rizal 7 Season 85 (2009) Season 91 (2015)
Men's San Beda University 5 Season 86 (2010) Season 90 (2015)
San Sebastian College-Recoletos 5 Season 69 (1993) Season 73 (1997)
  • Longest championship droughts
Team Juniors' Men's
Arellano University 12 years, since 2009 12 years, since 2009
Colegio de San Juan de Letran 20 years, since 2001 2 year, since 2019
De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde 4 years, since 2017 21 years, since 2000
Emilio Aguinaldo College 12 years, since 2009 12 years, since 2009
José Rizal University 44 years, since 1977 49 years, since 1972
Lyceum of the Philippines University 10 years, since 2011 10 years, since 2011
Mapúa University 3 years, since 2018 30 years, since 1991
San Beda University 2 year, since 2019 3 years, since 2018
San Sebastian College-Recoletos 13 years, since 2008 12 years, since 2009
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA 37 years, since 1984 37 years, since 1984
  • Elimination sweeps
Division Team Season(s)
Juniors' San Beda University-Rizal Season 87 (2011),
Season 89 (2013),
Season 91 (2015)
San Sebastian College-Recoletos Season 84 (2008)
Men's San Sebastian College-Recoletos Season 64 (1988),
Season 70 (1994),
Season 73 (1997)
San Beda University Season 86 (2010),
Season 95 (2019)
Lyceum of the Philippines University Season 93 (2017)

Notes

  1. a b c The Juniors tournament was suspended from 1962 to 1965 by the NCAA Board of Control when it was revealed that several schools fielded ineligible players.[1]
  2. a Suspended by the NCAA due to hooliganism and proliferation of ineligible players[1]
  3. a b c Seniors championships awarded in the 1963–64 and 1964–65 seasons were later ruled as unofficial by the NCAA.[1]
  4. a Tournament aborted by the Basketball Association of the Philippines[8]
  5. a Colegio de San Juan de Letran returned the Juniors trophy after a player was found to be ineligible.[16]
  6. a b c d e f Denotes schools no longer in the league
  7. a Includes one midgets' division championship. Ateneo had shared junior's championships in the 1931–32 and 1935–36 seasons.[5]
  8. a b De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde, a college without pre-college education units, does not field a juniors' (high school) team. La Salle Green Hills fields seniors' teams in behalf of De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde.
  9. a b La Salle Green Hills, a K-12 school, does not field a seniors' (collegiate) team. De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde fields seniors' teams in behalf of La Salle Green Hills.
  10. a b Malayan High School of Science, a secondary educational institution, does not field a seniors' (collegiate) team. Mapua Institute of Technology fields seniors' teams in behalf of Malayan High School of Science.
  11. a b c d e f g Shared juniors' championship in a given season.

See also

References

Specific
  1. Malonzo, Julian. "NCAA History". NCAA official website. Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  2. Medina, Roy (2008-09-26). "Staglets sweep Squires for NCAA jrs. basketball crown". ABS-CBNNews.com. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  3. Nazareno, Rocky (2010-09-30). "Sweet 16, sweet sweep for San Beda". The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on 2010-10-04. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  4. "Archers aim high". Sports World. Vol. VI no. 41. Quezon City: Sports World, Inc. November 11–17, 1978. p. 9.
  5. "NCAA Champions 1924 - 1976". Sports World. Vol. V no. 36. Quezon City: Sports World, Inc. October 1–7, 1977. p. 7.
  6. "Bernie's boys". Sports World. Vol. VI no. 42. Quezon City: Sports World, Inc. November 18–24, 1978. p. 5.
  7. Olivares, Rick (2005-08-04). "1975: Year of the Eagle". Ateneo.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  8. "Backtrack: DLSU's last game in the NCAA". Greenarchers.ph. 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  9. "About Trinity College of Quezon City". Trinity College of Quezon City official website. Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  10. Atencio, Peter (2009-04-25). "2 schools join Arellano as NCAA's guest teams". Manila Standard-Today. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  11. "Arellano, EAC become probationary NCAA members". GMANews.TV. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  12. Santiago, Francis (2011-05-18). "Lyceum becomes 10th NCAA team". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  13. Sacamos, Karlo (April 2, 2013). "NCAA elevates Arellano as regular member". spin.ph. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  14. Sacamos, Karlo (June 24, 2014). "NCAA to evaluate probationary schools EAC, Lyceum's performances at end of season". spin.ph. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  15. "NCAA Welcomes EAC, Lyceum as regular members". ABS-CBN News. June 20, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
  16. "A Knight's Tale". The Lance. June 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
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