Playoff format

Of the big four American sports leagues, only the National Football League (NFL) uses a single-elimination system for all rounds of its postseason.[lower-alpha 1] Since the 2020 season, seven teams are seeded from each conference (AFC and NFC), with the top team from each conference getting a first-round "bye". The remaining six teams in each conference play against each other in the Wild Card round. The lowest-seeded winner plays the lone "bye" team, and the other two winners play against each other in the Divisional round; the winners those games facing each other in the Conference Championships. In all cases, the higher-seeded team plays at home. The winners of the Conference Championships then face each other in the Super Bowl for the league championship.

Like the NFL, the Canadian Football League (CFL) also uses one-game single -elimination playoffs, and has used them almost exclusively since the 1973 season. In the CFL, six teams qualify for the playoffs, divided into two divisional brackets of three teams each.[lower-alpha 2] The second-place teams in each division host the Division Semi-Final, while the division winners each receive a bye to the Division Final. The Division Final winners play in the Grey Cup. The only exception to a strict single-elimination format since the early 1970s was in 1986 (for that season only), when the league amended its playoff format to allow a fourth-place team in one division to qualify in place of a third-place team with a worse record. That year, when only two East Division teams qualified—compared to four Western teams—the rules mandated the two Eastern teams play a two-game total-points series over two weekends (the two-game total point series was used as the CFL's playoff format prior to 1973), while the four Western teams played a single-elimination playoff over the same timeframe. The CFL eventually amended this format into the present "crossover rule" in 1997 so as to allow a qualifying fourth-place team to compete as the third-place team in the other divisional bracket, thereby preserving the first-place byes.

Major League Baseball expanded its playoffs in 2012, going from eight teams to ten by adding a second wild-card team in each league (AL and NL). The wild-card teams now play a one-game playoff to determine which club advances to the best-of-five division series to meet the team with the best overall record in their respective league.

In both the men's and women's NCAA college basketball tournaments, 64 teams are seeded into four brackets of 16 teams each. In the first round, the #1 team plays the #16 team in each bracket, the #2 plays the #15, and so on. Theoretically, if a higher-ranked team always beats a lower-ranked team, the second game will be arranged #1 vs. #8, #2 vs. #7, etc.; the third will be arranged #1 vs. #4, #2 vs. #3; the fourth will be arranged #1 vs. #2. The brackets are fixed, meaning teams are not re-seeded between rounds.

In association football, the World Cup uses single-elimination knockout rounds after a round-robin group stage. The Champions League and Europa League do the same, except each single-elimination round consists of a two-legged tie, with the winner determined by aggregate score. Most European domestic cups (e.g. the FA Cup in England or the DFB Pokal in Germany) use hybrid systems with various round-robin and single-elimination stages. Major League Soccer (MLS) uses a single-elimination format for their playoffs; since 2019, all rounds are conducted as single games. Liga MX in Mexico, which splits its season into two phases, uses playoffs known as the Liguilla to determine the champions of each phase. Unlike the MLS system, all Liguilla matches are two-legged ties. Australia's A-League introduced a six-team knockout playoff, known locally as a "finals series", in the 2012–13 season. Unlike the MLS playoffs or Liga MX Liguilla, the A-League finals series uses one-off matches throughout, culminating in the A-League Grand Final. This format is a departure from norms in football codes in Australia; previously, the A-League used a hybrid elimination system that allowed top teams in the regular season to lose one finals match but still win the tournament. The Philippines Football League's 2017 season also featured as playoff finals known as the final series.[1]

The Pro Kabaddi League also uses a type of single elimination where the top two teams get byes into the semifinals while the other four teams play in two eliminators like this:^{[secondary sources needed]}

Eliminator 1: Rank 3 vs Rank 6

Eliminator 2: Rank 4 vs Rank 5

Semifinal 1: Rank 2 vs Winner of Eliminator 1

Semifinal 2: Rank 1 vs Winner of Eliminator 2

Final: Winner of Semifinal 1 vs Winner of Semifinal 2

The 2007 AFC Asian Cup knockout stage:

	Quarter-finals				Semi-finals				Final
	July 21 - Bangkok
	Iraq	2
					July 25 - Kuala Lumpur
	Vietnam	0
					Iraq (pen.)	0 (4)
	July 22 - Kuala Lumpur
					South Korea	0 (3)
	Iran	0 (2)
									July 29 - Jakarta
	South Korea (pen)	0 (4)
									Iraq	1
	July 21 - Hanoi
									Saudi Arabia	0
	Japan (pen.)	1 (4)
					July 25 - Hanoi
	Australia	1 (3)
					Japan	2
	July 22 - Jakarta
					Saudi Arabia	3			Third place
	Saudi Arabia	2
									July 28 - Palembang
	Uzbekistan	1
									South Korea (pen.)	0 (6)
									Japan	0 (5)

The Big East Men's Basketball Tournament used this format in a 16-team, five-round format. The PBA Tour uses a four-player, three-round format (sometimes a five-player, four-round format). College leagues in the Philippines use this format (four teams, three rounds) only if there is an undefeated team, and if there are seven teams or more participating. Otherwise for tournaments of seven or more teams where no team won all games, it uses a single-elimination two-round, four teams format.

While Nippon Professional Baseball's Climax Series has been called a "stepladder" playoff with only three participating teams (in two rounds), it functions mostly as a single-elimination tournament with three teams, and is structurally the same as a six-team, three-round playoff. The KBO League's Korean Series, on the other hand, is considered a stepladder system: the teams that finish fourth and fifth place play a best-of-three series (the fourth-place team automatically given a 1–0 series lead), meaning that the fourth-place team need to win only one game to advance while the fifth place have to win two. The winner of that round faces the team that finished in third place. The winner then plays the second-place team in a best-of-five series, whose winner in turn plays the first-place team in a best-of-seven series for the title.

The WNBA has their playoffs done this way: the #5 seed plays #8, and #6 plays #7 in the first round. The top two seeds get double byes, and the next two seeds first-round byes. The first two rounds are single-elimination; all others are best-of-five.

The video game League of Legends has a competition that often uses the stepladder system. The League of Legends Pro League uses a double stepladder for its playoffs, giving the first seeds of each conference (Western and Eastern) a bye to the semifinals, the second seeds of each conference a bye to the quarterfinals, and the third seeds a one-game advantage against the fourth seeds in the first round. The League of Legends Pro League, League of Legends Championship Series, and League of Legends Master Series also use a stepladder bracket (in this case referred to as "The Gauntlet") to determine each league's third representative at the League of Legends World Championship.

The 2012 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament:

In the United States, a double-elimination format is used in most NCAA and high school baseball and softball tournaments. Starting in 2010, the Little League World Series in baseball also adopted this format. Teams are eliminated from contention after incurring two losses in each round of play. Most major collegiate baseball conferences with a double-elimination format send only the top eight teams, or a mix of top teams plus the winners of a single-elimination qualifier tournament, to their conference tournament. The NCAA baseball and softball tournaments have used the format since its inception for regional and College World Series play.[lower-alpha 3]

The Little League World Series adopted a new format in 2010 that involves four double-elimination brackets. In 2010, the U.S. division and the International division were split into two four-team pools, with each pool conducting a double-elimination tournament to determine its winner. After the end of double-elimination play, the U.S. pool winners play one another in single games, as do the International pool winners, with the losers playing a third-place game and the winners playing a championship game. This was altered in 2011 so that all eight U.S. teams and all eight international teams played in one large bracket each, with each bracket's winner playing each other for the championship, and each bracket's runner-up playing each other for third-place. All teams are guaranteed at least three games; the first team eliminated from each pool plays a "crossover game" that matches an eliminated U.S. team with an eliminated International team.

Many esports, such as Counter-Strike and StarCraft, use a double-elimination bracket in competitions to determine the top two teams in a four-team group. In this usage, the format is referred to as "GSL", after the Global StarCraft II League. Dota 2 competitions often use a GSL or round-robin group stage to seed teams into a double-elimination bracket. Super Smash Bros. tournaments, as well as other fighting game competitions, typically use an open double-elimination bracket with no preceding group stage or qualifiers.

The Mideast regional of the 1975 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament:

This system, also bearing the name of its promoter Percy Page, is a four-team playoff first developed for Australian rules football. It has been used in many competitions in that sport and in rugby league, but is most prominent in softball and curling (which use the name "Page playoff system"). The Indian Premier League and Pakistan Super League in Twenty20 cricket uses this system as well.

In this system, the first round (sometimes called the "quarterfinals") matches #1 against #2 and #3 against #4. The winner of the 1–2 match advances directly to the final. The next round, known as the semifinal, pits the loser of the 1–2 match against the winner of the 3–4 match.

The 2006 Tim Hortons Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship:

	Page Playoffs					Semifinal					Final
	1	Ontario	9
	2	Quebec	6								1	Ontario	7
						2	Quebec	7			2	Quebec	8
						4	Nova Scotia	6
	3	Alberta	5
	4	Nova Scotia	6

McIntyre's first modification was an expansion to five teams. In this format, the first round matches #2 v #3 and #4 v #5, with the #1 seed receiving a bye into the second round. The 4–5 match is played to eliminate one team, while the 2–3 match is played to determine which match they will play in the second round.

In the second round, the loser of the 2–3 match plays the winner of the 4–5 match, while the winner of the 2–3 match plays the #1 seed. From this point forward, the tournament is identical to the Page playoff system.

While no major league uses this system today, it has been used in the past by the VFL and several rugby league competitions, most notably the short-lived Super League of Australia and the present-day Super League. Many lower-level leagues in both Australian rules and rugby league still use the system.

As used in the 2006 Bartercard Cup, the championship of New Zealand rugby league:

McIntyre next developed two slightly different systems for six-team playoffs. In each system, the #1 and #2 seeds played to determine the specific semifinal match in which they would compete, while the other four teams played knockout matches in the first week to eliminate two teams and determine the other two semifinal participants. The semifinal in which the winner of the 1–2 match competes directly determines one place in the championship final (often called a "Grand Final", especially in Australia). The other semifinal is an elimination match, with the winner advancing into a "Preliminary Final" to determine the other Grand Final place.

This system was further refined into the top-six system used by the Championship and League 1 of European rugby league until being abandoned from the 2015 season forward. A slightly modified version of this system was used in the A-League of Australian soccer starting in 2010 before a pure knockout format was adopted beginning in 2013.

In the modern top-six system, the first round consists of knockout matches involving #3 vs #6 and #4 vs #5, with the #1 and #2 teams receiving a bye into the next round. After those matches, the format is identical to the Page playoff system.

The A-League's former system had the top two teams participating in a two-legged match instead of the single-elimination matches that the other four teams faced. It did not affect the teams' eventual playoff paths.

As used in the 2010–11 A-League:

McIntyre's final development expanded the concept to an eight-team playoff. This expansion meant that no team received a "second chance" after the first week of the playoffs.

The original McIntyre Final Eight system is notable in that it uses the regular-season league table to eliminate two teams in the first week of the playoffs. The procedure is:

Week 1

• 1st Qualifying Final: 4th seed vs 5th seed
• 2nd Qualifying Final: 3rd seed vs 6th seed
• 3rd Qualifying Final: 2nd seed vs 7th seed
• 4th Qualifying Final: 1st seed vs 8th seed

The fates of the teams in this round depend on whether they won or lost their Qualifying Final, and on their regular-season position. The four winners and the two losers that finished highest on the regular-season table advance to later rounds, with the two other losers eliminated.

Week 2

• 1st Semi-final:[2] 4th highest-ranked winner vs 2nd highest-ranked loser
• 2nd Semi-final: 3rd highest-ranked winner vs 1st highest-ranked loser

The two losing teams are eliminated, and the two winning teams progress to Week 3.

Week 3

• 1st Preliminary Final: Highest-seeded Qualifying Final winner vs winner of 1st Semi-final
• 2nd Preliminary Final: Second-highest-seeded Qualifying Final winner vs winner of 2nd Semi-final

The two losing teams are eliminated, and the two winning teams progress to the Grand Final.

Week 4

• Grand Final: winner of 1st Preliminary Final vs winner of 2nd Preliminary Final

Due to perceived weaknesses of this system, the AFL adopted a modified top-eight playoff in 2000. The National Rugby League (NRL), Australia's top rugby league competition (also with a team in New Zealand), used this system from 1999 through 2011, after which it changed to the AFL system.

The current AFL finals system breaks up the eight participants into four groups of two teams, ranked by their league position after regular-season play. Each group receives an advantage over the teams directly below it on the league table. These advantages are the so-called "double-chance", where a loss in the first week will not eliminate a team from the finals, and home ground finals. Note, however, that "home" designations are often irrelevant if a finals match involves two teams from the same state. The finals format operates as follows:

Week 1

• 1st Qualifying Final: 1st seed hosts 4th seed
• 2nd Qualifying Final: 2nd seed hosts 3rd seed
• 1st Elimination Final: 5th seed hosts 8th seed
• 2nd Elimination Final: 6th seed hosts 7th seed

The top four teams play the two Qualifying Finals. The winners get a bye through to Week 3 of the tournament to play home Preliminary Finals, while the losers play home Semi-Finals in Week 2. The bottom four teams play the two Elimination Finals, where the winners advance to Week 2 away games and the losers' seasons are over.

Week 2

• 1st Semi-final:[2] Loser of 1st QF hosts winner of 1st EF
• 2nd Semi-final: Loser of 2nd QF hosts winner of 2nd EF

Week 3

• 1st Preliminary Final:[2] Winner of 1st QF hosts winner of 2nd SF
• 2nd Preliminary Final: Winner of 2nd QF hosts winner of 1st SF

Week 4

• AFL Grand Final: Winners of the two Preliminary Finals meet at the MCG.

The specific advantages gained by finishing in higher positions on the league table are as follows:

First and second — These teams receive the double-chance, and play their first two finals matches at home—their Qualifying Final, and then either a Semi-final (should they lose the QF) or Preliminary Final (should they win the QF). They must win two finals matches to reach the Grand Final.

Third and fourth — Like the top two teams, they receive the double-chance, and must win two finals matches to reach the Grand Final. However, they only get to play one finals match at home—a Semi-final if they lose their QF, or Preliminary Final if they win the QF.

Fifth and sixth — These teams do not receive a double-chance. They must win three matches to reach the Grand Final—an Elimination Final, Semi-final, and Preliminary Final. They do get to host their EF.

Seventh and eighth — These teams receive neither a double-chance nor a home finals match, and must also win three finals matches to reach the Grand Final.

The National Rugby League and Victorian Football League operate the same finals system.

From 2009 through to 2014, the Super League used a top-eight playoff system. The expansion to an eight-team bracket coincided with the league's expansion from 12 to 14 teams. Like the AFL system, the Super League system eliminated two teams in each week leading up to the Grand Final. However, it had a number of differences from the AFL system, most notably the feature known as "Club Call" (explained below).[3]

As in the AFL, the participants were ranked by league position in the regular season. Unlike in the AFL, the team receiving home advantage in each match leading up to the Grand Final was guaranteed the right to host the match at a ground of its choosing, either its regular home stadium or (rarely) a larger nearby alternative.

Week 1

• Qualifying Play-Offs:
  • 1st vs 4th
  • 2nd vs 3rd

The winners of these matches advanced directly to Week 3, in which they received home advantage. The higher-seeded winner received Club Call immediately after Week 2. The losers had another chance in Week 2, when they were at home to the winners of the Week 1 Elimination Play-Offs.

• Elimination Play-Offs
  • 5th v 8th
  • 6th v 7th

The winners of these matches advanced to Week 2, with the losers being eliminated.

Week 2

• Preliminary Semi-Final 1: Highest-seeded QPO loser (1, 2, or 3) vs lowest-seeded EPO winner (6, 7, or 8)
• Preliminary Semi-Final 2: Lowest-seeded QPO loser (2, 3, or 4) vs highest-seeded EPO winner (5, 6, or 7)

The winners of these matches advanced to Week 3 and Club Call, with the losers being eliminated.

Club Call

Club Call, a unique feature of the Super League system, took place on the second weekend of the playoffs, shortly after the winners of the two PSFs were known. The highest-seeded winning club from Week 1 was required to choose which of the two PSF winners they would play in Week 3.

Week 3

• Qualifying Semi-Final 1: Highest-seeded QPO Winner v Club Call selected PSF winner
• Qualifying Semi-Final 2: Second-seeded QPO Winner v Club Call non-selected PSF winner

The winners advanced to the Grand Final the following week.

Week 4

• Super League Grand Final at Old Trafford, Manchester

Super League XX in 2015 introduced a radical change to the league system, under which the 24 clubs in Super League and the second-tier Championship are split into three groups of eight after each club has played 22 matches. The top eight clubs in Super League at that point will enter a new play-off structure, beginning with a single round-robin mini-league followed by a Shaughnessy play-off involving the top four teams. Another six team playoffs goes like this:

A best-of-three playoff is a head-to-head competition between two teams in which one team must win two games to win the series. Two is chosen as it constituted a majority of the games played; if one team wins both of the first two games, game 3 is not played.

When a best-of series is tied (each team having won the same number of games), the bracket is sometimes said to be a "best-of-(number of games left)." This is because for all practical purposes, the teams are starting over. For instance, if a best-of-seven series is deadlocked at 2–2, the series can be referred to as a "best-of-three", since the first team to win the next two games advances. Game 7 would only be played if two teams split Games 5 and 6.

In tennis, matches are usually decided with a best-of-three-sets format. Some major tournaments are played in a best-of-five-sets format, most notably the Grand Slam men's singles and doubles. Also, the 35-and-over Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles and the 35-and-over Ladies' Invitation Doubles at Wimbledon are both round-robin tournaments.

The first use of the best-of-three playoff was in Major League Baseball. The National League authorised a playoff to be held if two teams ended the season in a tie for first place; the American League used a single game in this situation. Since 1969, both leagues have used only a one-game playoff as a tie-breaker if only one team can advance. Since 1995, a tie-breaker based on regular-season performance can be used only to seed teams.

Both the National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL) once used best-of-three playoffs (often referred to as a "mini-series"), but today neither league does. Professional basketball first adopted the best-of-three playoff for first-round play starting with its inception as the Basketball Association of America in 1946, before changing its name to the NBA three years later. Basketball retained the format through the 1959–60 season; the league resumed its use of the best-of-three first-round series in 1974–75, but abolished it again in 1983–84 when the number of teams qualifying for its postseason tournament was increased to 16 (10 teams had qualified during the first two years of the aforementioned period, this number being expanded to 12 in 1976–77; in both instances some of the highest-ranking teams did not participate in the best-of-three round, drawing byes and automatically advancing to the second round, which was best-of-seven, as were all subsequent rounds).

In ice hockey, the best-of-three format was one of two possible types of series that could be held to determine the winner of the Stanley Cup (the other being a two-legged playoff series). It was used in lower rounds in the NHL up until the Original Six era. The best-of-three series in the modern era was first used in the first round of the Stanley Cup playoffs beginning with the 1974–75 season. At that time, the number of NHL playoff teams had been increased to twelve from the previous eight. The format which then took effect called for the first three finishers in each of the league's four divisions to enter the postseason, but the first-place teams drew byes and did not play any best-of-three series. The postseason then proceeded as the NBA's did, with the second round and all later rounds being best-of-seven. This remained the case until the 1979–80 season, when the NHL expanded its playoff field to sixteen after absorbing four teams from the defunct World Hockey Association in a semi-merger, whereupon the byes were abolished and all 16 qualifying teams participated in the first round, which was lengthened to best-of-five. In both the NBA and NHL, the team ranked higher in the standings during the regular season played the first and (if necessary) the third games of the series at home, with the lower-ranked team hosting the second game.

The World Cup of Hockey, organized by the NHL, used a best-of-three format in the final round in 1996 and 2016, as did the Canada Cup.

Until 2009, the WNBA forced the team with the higher record to travel to the lower seed's home court for game 1, then played the final game(s) at home. Because of this perceived inequity, in 2010, the league switched to a more traditional "1-1-1" format, where the higher seed would play the first and (if needed) third games at home. In 2005, the league changed the WNBA Finals to a best-of-five format. By 2016, the league semifinals matched this format.

NCAA Division I baseball uses the best-of-three format in the second round and the final round of its 64-team championship tournament. Starting in 1999, when the tournament expanded from 48 teams (eight regionals of six teams each) to 64 teams (sixteen regionals of four teams each), the NCAA introduced the "super regional", in which the 16 regional winners play in eight best-of-three series, with the eight series winners advancing to the College World Series. If a regional winner is also a national seed (one of the top eight seeds of the 64 first-round teams), it is guaranteed to host the super regional. If no national seed makes a particular super regional, the NCAA puts hosting rights up for bidding between the competing schools. In 2003, the College World Series changed from a one-game final to a best-of-three series.

From approximately the founding of the Western Interprovincial Football Union in 1936 until the early 1970s, multi-game playoffs series were a regular fixture of professional Canadian football playoffs. Over the years, both the WIFU (later the Western Football Conference) and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (later the Eastern Football Conference) used a combination of best-of-three series, three-game total points series, and two-game total points series to determine both conference final participants and conference champions. The Grey Cup championship itself has always consisted of a single game.

The last best-of-three playoff series (in what by then had evolved into the present-day Canadian Football League in 1958) consisting of two autonomous conferences was the 1971 Western Conference Final. Since 1972, the West has used one-game playoffs. The Eastern Conference (which by that time had abolished the best-of-three format in favour of two-game total points series) adopted one-game playoffs for the 1973 season.

The Euroleague, the primary Europe-wide club competition in basketball, introduced a quarterfinal round for the 2004–05 season which originally employed a best-of-three format. Starting with the 2008–09 season, the quarterfinal round became best-of-five. This is the only point in the Euroleague where a playoff series is used; all earlier rounds are conducted in a league format, and the quarterfinal winners advance to the Final Four, where all games are one-off knockout matches.

In the FIBA Oceania Championship, the best-of-three series is used if only both Australia and New Zealand play in the tournament. If a team wins the first two games, the last game may still be played. If other teams participate, a regular round-robin or multi-stage tournament is used. In 2009, a two-legged tie was used, but it was reverted to a best-of-three series in 2011.

The best-of-three playoff system was also used in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the 1998 and 1999 quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals. The Brazilian model was unique in that extra time was not used (meaning matches could end in a draw). If neither team won two games, the team with the most victories would qualify (for instance, if one team won the first match before drawing the next two). If the both teams had one victory, the team with the best goal difference would qualify. If the goal difference was the same, the team with the best regular-season campaign would qualify.

The Philippine Premier Volleyball League, uniquely, uses a best-of-three series to determine the third-place team at the end of its conferences' playoffs rather than one game, as did its predecessor Shakey's V-League.

In a modification of the best-of-three format, leagues in the Philippines award a twice-to-beat advantage to the top seeds; in this case, the team with this advantage needs to be beaten twice by its opponent, a unilateral double elimination. In essence, one team is given a de facto 1–0 lead in a best-of-three series. First applied in the Finals of the scholastic UAAP basketball and volleyball championships in 1979, then currently applied in the semifinals since 1994, it was later adopted by their NCAA counterparts and other associations in their mandatory scholastic competitions. The professional Philippine Basketball Association, its semi-professional D-League, and volleyball's Philippine Super Liga have adopted the format only in the quarterfinal rounds of their conference playoffs.

An amendment to the UAAP rules in 2008 gave the undefeated team (the team that won all elimination-round games) a bye up to the finals, possessing an automatic 1–0 lead in a best-of-five series, or the thrice-to-beat advantage. This was adopted by the Philippine NCAA in 2009, but was abolished by both leagues in 2016, when the undefeated team has a finals berth, but the finals are played in a regular best-of-three format.

A similar situation also existed in later versions of the Argus finals system used commonly in Australian rules football competitions in the early part of the 20th century: later versions of the system had a "right of challenge" for the minor premier (the team on top of the ladder) if they lost the Semi-Final or the Final, meaning the minor premier had to be beaten twice for another team to win the premiership.

In the event that the same team played the minor premier in the Semi-Final or the Final and in the Grand Final, the right of challenge became equivalent to the minor premier holding a 1–0 lead in a best-of-three series.

In Nippon Professional Baseball, the Climax Series second stage, where the top team in the regular season faces the winner of the playoff between the second and third place teams, uses a similar format for a six-game playoff. In this case, the top seed needs only to win three games, while the lower seed must win four games to advance to the Japan Series. It is a "four times to beat advantage" with the top team needing only to win three games.

Described as a "best-of-two" series in the resumption the 2019–20 NBA season, if the ninth-ranked team is within four games behind of the eighth-ranked team after the seeding games are done, play-in games will be held between the two teams. Here, the ninth-ranked team has to beat the eighth-ranked team twice, while the eighth-ranked team has to win just once to qualify to the playoffs proper.[4] The Memphis Grizzlies finishing ninth, half-a-game behind the Portland Trail Blazers, necessitated the play-in game.[5] The Blazers eliminated the Grizzlies in game one to advance to the playoffs.[6]

A best-of-five playoff is a head-to-head competition between two teams, wherein one must win three games to win the series. Three is chosen as it constituted a majority of games played. If one team wins the series before reaching game 5, all others are ignored.

At present, only one American men's professional sports body — Major League Baseball — uses the best-of-five playoff, doing so in its second round, known as the Division Series. At one time, however, the League Championship Series was best-of-five, from its birth with both leagues' realignment into two divisions in 1969, continuing until the round was lengthened to best-of-seven in 1985. (This change would have immediate ramifications: In the American League, in each of the first two years where the LCS used the best-of-seven format, the Kansas City Royals in 1985 and the Boston Red Sox in 1986 fell behind 3–1, which previously would have eliminated them, before coming back to win the series.) When the wild card was first used in 1995 (it was created for the 1994 season, but that year's entire postseason was cancelled due to a players' strike), the best-of-five format was authorized for the new Division Series, in which eight teams participated.

During the time that the League Championship Series was best-of-five, a "2–3" format was used, with one team hosting the first two games, the other the last three (the respective roles alternating between the Eastern and Western Division champions, regardless of which one finished with the better regular-season record). This procedure was repeated when the best-of-five Division Series was added in 1995 (except that two of each league's now three division winners hosted three games, and the wild card never do so), but starting in 1998, the home-field advantage was awarded to the two division winners in each league that had the best regular-season records. Also in 1998, the "2–2–1" format was instituted: the team with the home-field advantage was given Games 1, 2, and 5 at home, not Games 3–5. Also, that format gives both teams have the home-field advantage in a sense. While one team gets to host three games (including the critical first and last game), the other team does get two chances out of three (games 3 and 4) of winning the series at home. For the 2012 postseason only, the Division Series reverted to "2–3". (This decision was made after the 2012 schedule had been released; due to the addition of a second Wild Card team and the subsequent extra Wild Card Game, the "2–3" format was used that year to minimize the disruption of the schedule by giving the Division Series one off-day instead of two.) With the Wild Card playoff now established and schedules adjusted accordingly, the "2–2–1" format was restored in 2013.

The National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL) both formerly used best-of-five series. The NBA did so in its second-round playoff prior to the 1957–58 season, and in the first round from 1960–61 through 1966–67, and again from 1983–84 until 2002–03, when it was lengthened to a best-of-seven series. The NHL did so for its first-round series beginning with the 1979–80 season and lasting until increasing its first round to best-of-seven in 1986–87. The best-of-5 format was reinstated for the Stanley Cup qualifying round between seeds 5–12. Unlike in baseball, in both NBA and NHL, in a best-of-five series the higher regular-season finisher always hosts the first, second, and (if necessary) fifth games. The AHL has used the best-of-five series in the first round since the 2012 postseason.

As of 2005, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) now uses a best-of-five format for its championship series. The league semifinals matched this format starting in 2016.

Historically, most European domestic basketball leagues have used a best-of-five format in their championship series. The main long-standing exceptions are the Israeli and French leagues, which have historically used one-off finals, the Adriatic League (former Yugoslavia), which has changed from a one-off final to a best-of-three final back to a one-off final in recent years, and the Lithuanian, Polish and Turkish leagues, which use a best-of-seven format. Italy has gone to a best-of-seven final effective with its 2008–09 season. The Euroleague quarterfinal round expanded to best-of-five from best-of-three starting in the 2008–09 season. France changed its final from a one-off match to a best-of-five series in 2012–13.

The Ashes, a cricket series played between Australia and England is a five-match series. If the series is tied, the team holding the trophy keeps until the next series. Most test cricket matches are played under this format, but others extend up to seven matches. Test cricket is typically hosted by one team throughout the entire series. While series such as this have five matches, it is not exactly "best-of-five", as draws and other results, are possible.

A best-of-seven playoff is a competition between two teams where one must win four games to win the series. If a series is won before all seven games have been played, all remaining games are omitted. It is not necessary for the four games to be won consecutively. Draws are not permitted, even in sports where they usually would be; play continues until there is a winner.[lower-alpha 4] This ensures that a series will never require more than seven games.[lower-alpha 5]

The schedule is arranged so that the team with home advantage – the team that had the better regular-season record plays the first game and the decisive seventh game (if necessary) at home. Most best-of-seven series follow a "2–3–2" format or a "2–2–1–1–1" format; that is, in a 2–3–2 series, the first two games are played at the home venue of a team with the home-field advantage, the next three games (including Game 5, if necessary) are played at the home of the team without it, and the final two games (if necessary) are played at the home of the team with the advantage. In a "2–2–1–1–1" format, the first two games are played at the team with the better record venue, the next two at the team with the worse record, and then alternating venues for the fifth, sixth and seventh games, if necessary. An "odd-even" format is used in the postseason tournaments of the Liiga in Finland and the Swedish Hockey League.

Major League Baseball (MLB) has used a best-of-seven format for the League Championship Series since 1985, and for the World Series between 1905 and 1918, and since 1922.[lower-alpha 6] MLB uses the "2–3–2" format.

The National Basketball Association (NBA) also uses a "2–2–1–1–1" format for all playoff rounds including the Finals. From the Finals' inception in 1947, the championship round used a "2–2–1–1–1" format (except in 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1979). It was changed to a "2–3–2" format between 1985–2013 to reduce travel expenses, as the league's "East-West" divisional alignment means the two teams are usually separated by great distances. For instance, the cities represented in the Finals' most frequent matchup, Los Angeles and Boston, are almost 3,000 miles (4,800 km) apart. The "2–2–1–1–1" format was restored in 2014.

The National Hockey League uses a best-of-seven series for all rounds of its league-championship Stanley Cup playoffs,[7] but uses the "2–2–1–1–1" format. The AHL and the ECHL do not use a set playoff format for their league championship playoff tournaments due to scheduling conflicts. For example, in the 2016 Calder Cup playoffs, due to scheduling conflicts in both arenas, the Pacific Division finals between the Ontario Reign and the San Diego Gulls used the "odd-even" playoff format, with Ontario hosting the odd games.[8]

The Chinese, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Turkish basketball leagues use a best-of-seven format in their championship series. The Turkish playoff has one unique feature: if one team in the championship series (or, for that matter, in any playoff series) defeated its opponent in both of their regular-season games, the winning team is granted a 1–0 lead in the series, and the series starts with Game 2. The Philippine Basketball Association uses a best-of-seven series for its finals, as well as for most its semifinals of the PBA Philippine Cup since 2005.

Occasionally, WWE uses this format in some of their matches. For example, the feud between Chris Benoit and Booker T in 2005 for the WWE United States Championship, or Antonio Cesaro's rivalry against Sheamus, with their first match at August pay-per-view Summerslam 2016.

Nippon Professional Baseball's final championship round, the Japan Series, uses a best-of-seven playoff with a 2–3–2 format.

A best-of-nine playoff pits two teams head-to-head, wherein one team must win five games to win the series. Five is chosen as it constituted a majority of the games played. Whoever has won 5 games before all nine games have been played, remaining games are not played.

In Major League Baseball, the World Series was conducted as a best-of-9 playoff in its first year of existence in 1903, then again for three years beginning in 1919, the year of the "Black Sox scandal."

The Western Hockey League used the best-of-nine playoff series for the Western Division playoffs from the 1983–84 season through the 1990–91 season because of the unequal division alignment of the league at the time. The Eastern division had eight teams, six of which qualified for the playoffs. The Western division only had six teams, four of which made the playoffs. Because of this, the Eastern division had three rounds of playoffs (two teams received a first round bye), while the Western division only had two rounds of playoffs. The east played a best-of-five, best-of-seven, best-of-seven format for the three rounds, while both rounds in the Western division playoffs were best-of-nine. This was used so that both divisions would finish their playoffs at approximately the same time. The WHL Championship Series was a best-of-seven. These best-of-nine series went the full nine games on two occasions, with the Portland Winterhawks defeating the New Westminster Bruins in 1984 and the Spokane Chiefs in 1986, respectively.

The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League used the best-of-nine playoff series for the 1986 playoffs.

In snooker, a player must win a certain number of frames to win a match, often nine (best-of-17) or more. Again, if one player wins nine frames before all 17 are played, all others are omitted. The world championship final is currently decided in a best-of-35 match.

In 9-ball, a player must win a certain number of racks to win a match. In the WPA World Nine-ball Championship, nine racks are needed to win in the early stages, ten to eleven in the latter stages, and seventeen in the final. As with snooker, if one player wins nine frames before all seventeen are played, all others are omitted.

The 2006–07 UEFA Champions League knockout stage:

20 February 2007

Real Madrid	3–2	Bayern Munich

Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid

7 March 2007

Bayern Munich	2–1	Real Madrid

Fussball Arena München, Munich

Bayern Munich 4–4 Real Madrid on aggregate. Bayern Munich won on away goals (BAY 2–1 RM).

The "Super Six" round of the 1999 Cricket World Cup:

Team	Pts	Pld	W	L	NR	T	NRR	PCF
Pakistan	6	5	3	2	0	0	0.65	4
Australia	6	5	3	2	0	0	0.36	0
South Africa	6	5	3	2	0	0	0.17	2
New Zealand	5	5	2	2	1	0	−0.52	2
Zimbabwe	5	5	2	2	1	0	−0.79	4
India	2	5	1	4	0	0	−0.15	0

Teams in shaded in blue advance to the knockout stage.

In tournaments where participants are seeded, the participants may be "reseeded" at each round in order to ensure that the strongest remaining team faces the weakest team. This type of tournament bracket is not fixed; potential match-ups cannot be anticipated up to the final. For example, in an eight-team bracket, the teams that will meet in the second round will be the winning team with the highest beginning seed against the first round winner with the lowest original seed. The second highest winning seed faces the winning team with the second lowest original seed.

The only notable tournaments that employ this rule are the NFL Playoffs and WNBA Playoffs. The Stanley Cup Playoffs used the rule between 1975 and 1981 and between 1994 and 2013. Note that between 1994 and 2013, reseeding does not come into play if there are only two rounds of competition.

The 1994 Stanley Cup playoffs (scores in the bracket shown indicate the number of games won in each seven-game series):

• During the first three rounds home ice is determined by seeding number, not position on the bracket. In the Finals the team with the better regular season record has home ice.

In team sports, the "home-field advantage" refers to the phenomenon where a team (usually the higher-seeded team) is given more home games than away games. This is seen in a best-of series by more games being played in one team's arena/stadium than the other, and in single-elimination tournaments by the single game being held in one team's stadium. In a best-of series, a team can "lose" their home advantage if the visiting team wins the first game.

A team can clinch the home-field advantage in a variety of ways:

• Clinching the higher seed (MLB, NHL and NFL)
• Winning more games than the opponent, but not necessarily clinching the higher seed (NBA)

In a best-of series, the order of arenas/stadiums in which the games are played at also affects the home-field advantage. In the NBA and the NHL, all rounds are played in a "2–2–1–1–1" format. That is, the team with home-field advantage plays games 1, 2, 5, and 7 (if necessary) at home. This ensures that, if the home team wins every game, the team with home-field advantage never trails in the series. From 1985 to 2013, the NBA Finals used the "2–3–2" format (the team with the home-court advantage plays games 1, 2, 6, and 7 on their home court). This can theoretically allow the team with the home-court advantage to trail in the series (although that will require the team with the home court advantage to lose the middle three games).

In the Stanley Cup Finals, the NBA Finals, and the World Series, the team with the better regular-season record receives the home-field advantage. The Super Bowl is held at a predetermined site regardless of which teams reach the game, which usually means there is no home advantage; it is possible (but has not happened) for the host city's team to participate. Historically, World Series home-field advantage alternated between leagues on an annual basis, then from 2003 to 2016 was awarded to the league that won that season's All-Star Game.

In two-legged ties such as the UEFA Champions League, the two teams each play one game in their respective home stadium. However, there is debate over whether either team has an advantage. While playing the clinching match at home could be seen as an advantage, the away goals tiebreaker arguably favors the away side.

In games played in neutral venues, a team may still be afforded the privileges of the "home team," such as selecting which side of the field to defend first (or last). In most instances, this privilege is determined either by a drawing of lots (UEFA Champions League) or by rotation among the groupings of the different teams (NFL).

In the Nippon Professional Baseball league's postseason games (excluding Japan Series) since 2004, the team with the higher regular-season standing will host all the games. In addition, since 2008, the league champion will have a one-win advantage in the second stage of the Climax Series (technically a best-of-seven series, though in practice only six games are played, because the regular-season champion starts with a 1–0 advantage).