List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States

This list of the first women lawyers and judges in each U.S. state includes the year in which the women were admitted to practice law (in parentheses). Also included are women who achieved other distinctions such becoming the first in their state to obtain a law degree or become a political figure.

Firsts nationwide

Margaret Brent: first woman to act as an attorney in the United States (1648)

Arabella Mansfield: first woman admitted to practice law in the United States (1869)

Esther Morris: first woman to serve as a judicial officer in the United States (1870)

Charlotte E. Ray: First African American female lawyer in the United States and Washington, D.C. (1872)

Lyda Conley: First Native American female lawyer in the United States (1902)

Jane Bolin: First African American female judge in the United States (1939)

Law Degrees

Ada Kepley (1881):[1] First woman to graduate with a law degree (1870) and practice in a court of law in the U.S.
Charlotte E. Ray (1872):[2] First African American female to earn a law degree in the U.S.
Claudia L. Gordon (c. 2000):[3][4][5] First deaf African American female to earn a law degree in the U.S.

Lawyers

Margaret Brent:[6] First woman to act as an attorney in court (1648)
Arabella Mansfield:[7] First woman without a formal legal education admitted to a state bar in the U.S. (1869)
Charlotte E. Ray (1872):[2] First African American female lawyer in the U.S.
Belva Ann Lockwood (1873):[8] First female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court (1880)
Lyda Conley (1902):[2] First Native American (Wyandot) female lawyer in the U.S. and to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court (1909)
Christine la Barraque (c. 1906):[9][10][11] First blind female lawyer admitted to practice law in the U.S.
Helen R. Carloss (c. 1923):[12] First female lawyer (from Mississippi) to argue cases before a U.S. Court of Appeal
Elizabeth K. Ohi (1937):[13] First Japanese American female lawyer in the U.S.
Emma Ping Lum (c. 1946):[14][15] First Chinese American female lawyer in the U.S.
Jewel Lafontant (1946):[16][17][18] First African American female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court (1963)
Carin Clauss (1963):[19][20] First female solicitor for the U.S. Department of Labor (1977)
Vilma Socorro Martínez (1967):[21][22] First Latino American female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court (1977)
Claudeen Arthur (1970):[23][24][25] First Navajo female licensed as a lawyer in the U.S.
Arlinda Locklear (1976):[26][27][28] First Native American (Lumbee) female lawyer to win a U.S. Supreme Court case (1983)
Holly Caudill (1995):[29][30][31] First female quadriplegic lawyer per available records in the U.S. and Washington
Claudia L. Gordon (c. 2000):[3][4][5] First deaf African American female lawyer in the U.S.
Arsima A. Muller (2005):[32] First Marshallese female lawyer in the U.S.
Maysaa Ouza:[33][34] First Air Force JAG Corps officer (a female lawyer) authorized to wear hijab (2018)

Law Clerks

Lucile Lomen (1941):[35] First woman to serve as a law clerk for a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1944-1945)
Rochelle Lee Shoretz:[36] First Orthodox Jewish female to serve as a law clerk for a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1998-1999)
Kamaile A. Nichols (Turčan) (2008):[37][38] First female of Native Hawaiian ancestry (a lawyer) to serve as a law clerk for a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (2016)
Tobi Merritt Edwards Young:[39][40] First Native American (Chicksaw) female (and Native American overall) to serve as a law clerk for a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (2018)
Laura Wolk (2016):[41] First blind female (a lawyer) to serve as a law clerk for a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (2019)
Carmel “Kim” Prashker Ebb:[42][43] First woman to serve as a law clerk for a Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (1945)
Doris Gray:[44][45] First woman to serve as the law clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Justices of the Peace

Esther Hobart Morris:[46] First female judge (upon becoming a Justice of the Peace; non-attorney) in the U.S. (1870)
Catherine Waugh McCulloch (1886):[47][48][49] First female lawyer elected as a Justice of the Peace in the U.S. (1907)

Judges

Mary Bartelme (1894): appointed a judge assistant in Cook County, Illinois in 1913, she presided over court cases involving juveniles and was referred to at that time as, "America's only woman judge", by The New York Times.[50]
Mary H. Cooper:[51][52][53][54] First female probate judge in the U.S. (1908)
Julia W. Ker (1912):[55][56][57] First female police judge in the U.S. (1926)
Florence Ellinwood Allen (1914):[58][59][60] First female elected to a judgeship in the U.S. (1920)
Mary O'Toole (1914):[56] First female appointed as a municipal judge in the U.S. (1921)
Jane Bolin (1932):[61] First African American female judge in the U.S. (1939)
Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy (1947) and Margaret G. Schaeffer (1948):[62] First sisters to serve simultaneously as judges in the U.S.
Frances Munoz (1972):[63][64][65][66][67] First Latino American female judge in the U.S. (1978)
Patricia A. Yim Cowett (1972):[68][69][70] First Chinese American female judge in the U.S. (1979)
Mary C. Morgan (1972):[71] First openly gay female judge in the U.S. (1981)
Margaret Treuer (1977):[72][73][74][75][76] First Native American (Ojibwe) female to serve as a federal judge in the U.S. (upon her service as a U.S. Magistrate in 1983)
Lillian Y. Lim (1977):[77][78][79] First Filipino American female judge in the U.S. (1986)
Phyllis Frye (1981):[80][81] First openly transgender judge in the U.S. (2010)
Wendy Duong (1984):[82] First Vietnamese American female judge in the U.S. (1992)
Rena M. Van Tine (1986):[83][84][85] First Indian American female judge in the U.S. (2001)
Jeannie Hong (1993):[86][87][88] First Korean American female judge in the U.S. (2002)
Pamela Leeming:[89][90] First known Pakistani American (female) judge in the U.S. (2009)
Sherrie Mikhail Miday (2001):[91][92][93] First Egyptian American female elected as a judge in the U.S. (2016)
Rachel Freier (2006):[94][95] First Hasidic Jewish American female elected as a judge in the U.S. (2017)
Kashoua "Kristy" Yang (2009) and Sophia Y. Vuelo (1999):[96][97][98][99][100][101] First Hmong American female judges respectively in the U.S. (2017)

Appellate Court

Arleigh M. Woods (1953):[102][103] First African American female appointed as a state appellate court judge (1980)

Supreme Court

Florence Ellinwood Allen (1914):[58][59][60] first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court in any state (1922)
Lorna E. Lockwood (1925):[104] First female appointed as a Chief Justice of a state supreme court in the U.S. (1970)
Julia Cooper Mack (1951):[105] First African American female appointed to a court of last resort in the U.S. (1975)
Dorothy Comstock Riley:[106] First Hispanic American female appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court in any state (1982)
Leah Ward Sears (1980)[107] First African American female to serve as a Chief Justice in the U.S. (2005)
Virginia Linder (1980):[108] First openly gay woman appointed as a state supreme court justice (2007)
Maite Oronoz Rodríguez (2001):[109] First openly gay female justice appointed as a Chief Justice in the U.S. (2016)

Federal Judgeships

Kathryn Sellers (1911):[110] First federally appointed female judge in the U.S. (1918)
Constance Baker Motley (1946):[111] First African American female appointed as a federal judge (1966)
Deborah Batts (1972):[112] First openly gay African American female federal judge (1994)
Irma Elsa Gonzalez (1973):[113] First Mexican American female federal judge (1984)
Lorna G. Schofield (1981):[114] First Filipino American female to sit on a federal court in the U.S. (2012)
Cecilia Altonaga (1983):[115] First Cuban American female federal judge in the U.S. (2003)
Dolly M. Gee (1984):[116] First Chinese American female to serve as a federal judge in the U.S. (2010)
Pamela K. Chen (1986):[117] First openly gay Asian American female judge to serve on the federal bench (2013)
Lucy H. Koh (1993):[118] First Korean American female to sit on a federal court in the U.S. (2010)
Cathy Bissoon (1993):[119] First South Asian American female to sit on a federal court in the U.S. (2011)
Diane Humetewa (1993):[120] First Native American (Hopi) female to serve as a federal judge in the U.S. (2014)
Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro (1975):[121] First openly gay Latino American female appointed to a federal judgeship (2013)

Bankruptcy

Bernice B. Donald (1979):[122][123] First African American female to serve as a bankruptcy judge (1988)

District Court

Burnita Shelton Matthews (1919):[124] First female appointed as a federal district judge (1949)
Carmen Consuelo Cerezo (1969):[125] First Puerto Rican American female appointed as a U.S. district court judge (1980)
Susan Oki Mollway (1981):[126] First Asian American female appointed as a U.S. district court judge (1998)

Magistrate

Joyce London Alexander (1972):[127] First African American female to be appointed a Chief Magistrate judge in the U.S. (1979)

Circuit Court

Amalya Lyle Kearse (c. 1960s):[128] First African American female appointed as a U.S. circuit court judge (1979)
Kim McLane Wardlaw (1979)[129] First Hispanic American female appointed as a U.S. circuit court judge (1998)

Customs Court

Genevieve R. Cline (1921):[130] First female appointed as a judge of the U.S. Customs Court (1928)

Appellate Court

Florence Ellinwood Allen (1914):[58][59][60] First female appointed as a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (1934)
Amalya Lyle Kearse (c. 1960s):[128] First African American female to serve as a federal appeals judge in the U.S. (1979)[131]
Kim McLane Wardlaw (1979)[129] First Hispanic American female appointed as a federal appeals judge in the U.S. (1998)[132]
Staci Michelle Yandle (1987):[133] First openly LGBT African American female Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2014)
Jacqueline Nguyen (1991):[134][135][136] First Vietnamese American and Asian-Pacific female to serve on a federal appeals court (upon her appointment as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in 2012)

Supreme Court

Sandra Day O'Connor (1952):[137] First female appointed as a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1981)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1959):[138] First Jewish female appointed as a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1993)
Sonia Sotomayor (1980):[139] First Hispanic female appointed as a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (2009)

Federal

Janet Reno (c. 1963):[140] First female lawyer to become the United States Attorney General (1993)
Loretta Lynch (1984):[141] First African American female appointed as the United States Attorney General (2015)

State

Anne X. Alpern (1927):[142] First female appointed as an Attorney General in the U.S. and Pennsylvania (1959)
Arlene Violet (1974):[143][144] First female elected as an Attorney General in the U.S. and Rhode Island (1985)
Patricia A. Madrid (1973):[145][146][147] First Mexican American female elected as an Attorney General in the U.S. and New Mexico (1999)
Pamela Carter:[148] First African American female to serve as an Attorney General in the U.S. and Indiana (1993)
Kamala Harris (1989):[149] First Asian American female (and Asian American overall) elected as an Attorney General in the U.S. and California (2011-2017).
Maura Healey (1998):[150] First openly gay woman to become an Attorney General in the U.S. and Massachusetts (2015)

Federal

Carol E. Dinkins (1971):[151] First woman to serve as the Deputy Attorney General of the U.S. (1984)

Federal

Annette Abbott Adams (1912)[152] and Mabel Walker Willebrandt (1917):[153] First females to serve as the United States Assistant Attorney General (1920-1921 and 1921-1929 respectively)

State

Ella Knowles Haskell (1888):[154][155][156] First woman to serve as an Assistant Attorney General in the U.S. and Montana (1893)
Helen Elsie Austin (1930):[157] First African American female to serve as an Assistant Attorney General in the U.S. and Ohio (1937)

Federal

Barbara Underwood (1969):[158] First woman to serve as the Acting Solicitor General of the United States (2001)
Elena Kagan (1986):[159] First female Solicitor General of the United States (2009-2010). She later became a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.

Federal

Jewel Lafontant (1946):[16][17][18] First female (and African American female) to become the Deputy Solicitor General of the United States (1973)

United States Attorney

Annette Abbott Adams (1912):[152][160] First woman to serve as a U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and California (1918-1920)
Virginia Dill McCarty (1977):[161] First woman to serve a full, four-year term as a U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and Indiana (1977-1981)
Jenny Durkan (1986):[162][163] First openly gay woman to serve as a U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and Washington (2009)
Debra Wong Yang (1986):[164] First Asian American female appointed as the U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and California (2002-2006)
Diane Humetewa (1993):[165][166][167][168] First Native American (Hopi) female to serve as a U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and Arizona (2007)

Assistant United States Attorney

Annette Abbott Adams (1912):[152][160] First woman to serve as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the U.S. and California (1914-1918)
Jewel Lafontant (1946):[16][17][18] First African American female to serve as an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S. and Illinois (1955-1958)

Special Assistant U.S. Attorney

Mary Grace Quackenbos Humiston (1904):[169][170] First woman to serve as a Special Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S. and the Southern District of New York (1906)

District Attorney

Edna C. Plummer (1907):[171][172] First woman to become a district attorney in the U.S. and Nevada (1918)
Bonnie Dumanis (1977):[173] First openly gay woman elected as a district attorney in the U.S. and California (2002)

Deputy District Attorney

Clara Shortridge Foltz (1878):[174] First female deputy district attorney in the U.S. (1910)

Political Office

Consuelo N. Bailey (1925):[175] First female (lawyer) Lieutenant Governor of any state (1955)
Shirley Hufstedler (c. 1949):[176] First female (a lawyer and judge) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Education (1979-1981)
Carla Anderson Hills (1958):[177] First female (a lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1975-1977)
Patricia Roberts Harris (1960):[178] First African American female (a lawyer) to serve in the United States Cabinet (1977)
Geraldine Ferraro (1961):[179] First female (a lawyer and Italian American) vice presidential candidate representing a major U.S. political party (1984)
Barbara M. Watson (1962):[180] First African American (female) to serve as the Assistant Secretary of State (1968)
Elizabeth Dole (1965):[181] First female (a lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Transportation (1983-1987)
Hazel R. O'Leary (1966):[182] First African American female (lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Energy (1993-1997)
Hillary Clinton (1973):[183][184][185] First female (a lawyer) presidential candidate representing a major U.S. political party (2016)
Roberta Achtenberg (1975):[186] First openly LGBT female (a lawyer) appointed to a federal position that was confirmed by the U.S. Senate (1993)
Ann Veneman (1976):[187] First female (a lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (2001-2005)
Gale Norton (1978):[188] First female (a lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior (2001-2006)
Mazie Hirono (1978):[189][190][191] First Asian-born (Japan) female and Buddhist elected to the U.S. Senate (2012)
Janet Napolitano (1983):[192] First female (a lawyer) to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security (2009-2013)
Kate Brown (1985):[193] First openly bisexual woman (a lawyer) elected as a governor in the U.S. and Oregon (2016)
Susana Martinez (1986):[194][195] First Hispanic American female lawyer to be elected as a governor in the U.S. and New Mexico (2011)
Tammy Baldwin (1989):[196] First openly gay woman (a lawyer) to be elected to the U.S. Senate (upon becoming a Senator in Wisconsin in 2012)
Mee Moua (1997):[197][198] First Hmong American female lawyer to become a Senate member (2002)
Rashida Tlaib (c. 2004):[199][200] First Muslim and Palestinian-American female (a lawyer) to serve in Congress (2018)
Kyrsten Sinema (2005):[201] First openly bisexual woman (a lawyer) elected to the U.S. Congress (2013)

First Ladies

Martha Washington: First First Lady of the United States
Hillary Clinton (1973):[183][184][185] First First Lady of the United States (a lawyer) elected to the United States Senate
Michelle Obama (1988):[202] First African American female (a lawyer) to become the First Lady of the United States (2009-2017)

Presidential Candidates

Belva Ann Lockwood (1873):[8] First female (a lawyer) to run as a candidate for the President of the U.S. (1884; 1888)
Patsy Mink (1953):[203][204] First Asian American female (a lawyer of Japanese descent) to seek the presidential nomination of a major U.S. political party (1972)
Hillary Clinton (1973):[183][184][185] First female (a lawyer) to become a presidential candidate representing a major U.S. political party (2016)

Vice President

Kamala Harris (1989):[149][205] First female (who is of African American and Asian American descent) elected as the Vice President of the United States (2020)

Federal

Gertrude Rush (1918):[206][207] First female (and African American female) lawyer to co-found a coed national bar association (1925)
Arnette Hubbard:[208] First woman to serve as President of the National Bar Association (1981)
Roberta Cooper Ramo:[209][210] First female (and Jewish female) to serve as the President of the American Bar Association (1995)
Paulette Brown (c. 1976):[211] First African American female to serve as the President of the American Bar Association (2014)

State

Gertrude Rush (1918):[206][207] First female (and African American female) to lead a coed state bar association (1921)[212]
Carole Bellows:[213] First woman to serve as the president of a voluntary state bar association (1977)[214]
Donna Willard-Jones:[215] First woman to serve as the president of a mandatory/integrated bar association (1979-1980)[216]
Mary Torres:[217] First Latino American female to serve as the president of a state bar association (2002)
Esther H. Lim:[218] First Korean American female to serve as the president of a state bar association (2018)

Legal Organizations (Nonprofit)

Deborah N. Archer:[219] First African American (female) to serve as the President of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) (2021)

Firsts in individual states

Firsts in Washington, D.C. (Federal District)

List of first women lawyers and judges in Washington D.C. (Federal District)

Firsts in the Territories of the U.S.

List of first women lawyers and judges in the Territories of the U.S.

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List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States

Firsts nationwide

Law Degrees

Lawyers

Law Clerks

Justices of the Peace

Judges

Appellate Court

Supreme Court

Federal Judgeships

Bankruptcy

District Court

Magistrate

Circuit Court

Customs Court

Appellate Court

Supreme Court

Federal

State

Federal

Federal

State

Federal

Federal

United States Attorney

Assistant United States Attorney

Special Assistant U.S. Attorney

District Attorney

Deputy District Attorney

Political Office

First Ladies

Presidential Candidates

Vice President

Federal

State

Legal Organizations (Nonprofit)

Firsts in individual states

Firsts in Washington, D.C. (Federal District)

Firsts in the Territories of the U.S.

See also

Other topics of interest

References