List of hyperaccumulators

This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

CrSee also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

hyperaccumulators and contaminants : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, naphthalene, Pb, Se, Zn – accumulation rates
Contaminant	Accumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight)	Binomial name	English name	H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant	Notes	Sources
Al	A-	Agrostis castellana	Highland Bent Grass	As(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)	Origin Portugal.	[1]
Al	1000	Hordeum vulgare	Barley		25 records of plants.	[2][3]
Al		Hydrangea spp.	Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
Al	Aluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively.[4]	Melastoma malabathricum L.	Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra	P competes with Al and reduces uptake.[5]
Al		Solidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.)	Hairy Goldenrod		Origin Canada.	[2][3]
Al	100	Vicia faba	Horse Bean			[2][3]
Ag	10-1200	Salix miyabeana	Willow	Ag(T)	Seemed able to adapt to high AgNO3 concentrations on a long timeline	[6]
Ag		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn	Phytoextraction	[7][8]
Ag		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[8] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[9] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[8]
Ag		Amanita strobiliformis	European Pine Cone Lepidella	Ag(H)	Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas	[11]
Ag	10-1200	Brassica juncea	Indian Mustard	Ag(H)	Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper	[12]
As	100	Agrostis capillaris L.	Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris)	Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)		[3]
As	H-	Agrostis castellana	Highland Bent Grass	Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)	Origin Portugal.	[1]
As	1000	Agrostis tenerrima Trin.	Colonial bentgrass		4 records of plants	[3][13]
As	2-1300	Cyanoboletus pulverulentus	Ink Stain Bolete	contains dimethylarsinic acid	Europe	[14]
As	27,000 (fronds)[15]	Pteris vittata L.	Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern	26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds.[16]	Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite.[17]
As	100-7000	Sarcosphaera coronaria	pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cup	As(H)	Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe	Stijve et al., 1990, in Persoonia 14(2): 161-166, Borovička 2004 in Mykologický Sborník 81: 97-99.
Be					No reports found for accumulation	[3]
Cr		Azolla spp.	mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern			[3][18]
Cr	H-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola	Cd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)	Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.	[1][19]
Cr		Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)	Cultivated in agriculture.	[1][8][20]
Cr		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Ag, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn	Phytoextraction	[7][8]
Cr	A-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cd(H), Pb(H)	Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.	[1]
Cr	1000	Dicoma niccolifera			35 records of plants	[3]
Cr	roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic,[21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.[22]	Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H),[21] Pb(H),[21] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[21][23] and pesticides.[24]	Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates.[25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy.[21]	[1]
Cr		Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration	[1][8]
Cr	A-	Hydrilla verticillata	Hydrilla	Cd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H)		[1]
Cr		Medicago sativa	Alfalfa			[3][26]
Cr		Pistia stratiotes	Water lettuce	Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T)		[1][3][27]
Cr		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[8] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[9] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[8]
Cr		Salvinia molesta	Kariba weeds or water ferns	Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)		[1][3][28]
Cr		Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America.	[1][3][28]
Cr	100	Jamesbrittenia fodina (Wild) Hilliard (a.k.a. Sutera fodina Wild)				[3][29][30]
Cr	A-	Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass	Cd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals[31]	[1][3][8][32][33][34]
Cu	9000	Aeolanthus biformifolius				[35]
Cu		Athyrium yokoscense	(Japanese false spleenwort?)	Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Origin Japan.	[1]
Cu	A-	Azolla filiculoides	Pacific mosquitofern	Ni(A), Pb(A), Mn(A)	Origin Africa. Floating plant.	[1]
Cu	H-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola	Cd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)	Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.	[1][19]
Cu		Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)	cultivated	[1][8][20]
Cu	H-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)	Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.	[1]
Cu		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.	[1]
Cu	1000	Haumaniastrum robertii (Lamiaceae)	Copper flower		27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[36]	[3][33]
Cu		Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Phytoextraction with rhizofiltration	[1][33]
Cu	1000	Larrea tridentata	Creosote Bush		67 records of plants. Origin U.S.	[3][33]
Cu	H-	Lemna minor	Duckweed	Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America and widespread worldwide.	[1]
Cu		Ocimum centraliafricanum	Copper plant	Cu(T), Ni(T)	Origin Southern Africa	[37]
Cu	T-	Pistia stratiotes	Water Lettuce	Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)	Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb.	[1]
Cu		Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass	Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth.[34]	[1][3][8][31][32][33][34]
Mn	A-	Agrostis castellana	Highland Bent Grass	Al(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A)	Origin Portugal.	[1]
Mn		Azolla filiculoides	Pacific mosquitofern	Cu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A)	Origin Africa. Floating plant.	[1]
Mn		Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard			[8][20]
Mn	23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leaf	Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang	koshiabura		Origin Japan. Forest tree.	[38]
Mn		Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration	[8]
Mn	1000	Macadamia neurophylla (now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast)			28 records of plants	[3][39]
Mn	200					[3]
Hg	A-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola	Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)	Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.	[1][19]
Hg		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Ag, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn	Phytoextraction	[7][8]
Hg		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.	[1]
Hg	H-	Hydrilla verticillata	Hydrilla	Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H)		[1]
Hg	1000	Pistia stratiotes	Water lettuce	Cd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T)	35 records of plants	[1][3][33][40]
Hg		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[8] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[9] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[8]
Mo	1500	Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)	Alpine pennycress	Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	phytoextraction	[1][3][8][31][32][33][34]
Naphthalene		Festuca arundinacea	Tall Fescue		Increases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene.	[41]
Naphthalene		Trifolium hirtum	Pink clover, rose clover		Decreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene.	[41]
Pb	A-	Agrostis castellana	'Highland Bent Grass	Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A)	Origin Portugal.	[1]
Pb		Ambrosia artemisiifolia	Ragweed			[7]
Pb		Armeria maritima	Seapink Thrift			[7]
Pb		Athyrium yokoscense	(Japanese false spleenwort?)	Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H)	Origin Japan.	[1]
Pb	A-	Azolla filiculoides	Pacific mosquitofern	Cu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A)	Origin Africa. Floating plant.	[1]
Pb	A-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola	Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A)	Origin India. Aquatic emergent species.	[1][19]
Pb	H-	Brassica juncea	Indian mustard	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)	79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction	[1][3][7][8][20][31][33][34][42]
Pb		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn	Phytoextraction	[7][8]
Pb		Brassica oleracea	Ornemental Kale et Cabbage, Broccoli			[7]
Pb	H-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H)	Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade.	[1]
Pb		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.	[1]
Pb		Festuca ovina	Blue Sheep Fescue			[7]
Pb		Imopoea trifida	Morning glory		Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration	[1][7][8][9][42]
Pb	H-	Hydrilla verticillata	Hydrilla	Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H)		[1]
Pb	H-	Lemna minor	Duckweed	Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H)	Native to North America and widespread worldwide.	[1]
Pb		Salix viminalis	Common Osier	Cd, U, Zn,[9] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[9]
Pb	H-	Salvinia molesta	Kariba weeds or water ferns	Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)	Origin India.	[1]
Pb		Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America.	[1][3][28]
Pb		Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)	Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrass	Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction.	[1][3][8][31][32][33][34]
Pb		Thlaspi rotundifolium	Round-leaved Pennycress			[7]
Pb		Triticum aestivum	Common Wheat			[7]
Se	.012-20	Amanita muscaria	Fly agaric		Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks[43]
Se		Brassica juncea	Indian mustard		Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation.[44]	[8]
Se		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn	Phytoextraction.	[7][8]
Se	Low rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass.	Chara canescens Desv. & Lois	Muskgrass		Muskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate.[45] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization.[46]	[47]
Se		Bassia scoparia (a.k.a. Kochia scoparia)	burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweed	U,[9] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn	Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction.	[1][8]
Se		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[8] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[9] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).	[8]
Zn	A-	Agrostis castellana	Highland Bent Grass	Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A)	Origin Portugal.	[1]
Zn		Athyrium yokoscense	(Japanese false spleenwort?)	Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)	Origin Japan.	[1]
Zn		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage family	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H)	Phytoextraction	[8]
Zn		Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A).	Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997)	[1][8][20]
Zn		Brassica napus	Rapeseed plant	Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se	Phytoextraction	[7][8]
Zn		Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Phytoextraction et rhizofiltration	[8][9]
Zn		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'.	[1]
Zn		Salix viminalis	Common Osier	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[8] Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis);[9] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[10]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes).	[9]
Zn	A-	Salvinia molesta	Kariba weeds or water ferns	Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A)	Origin India.	[1]
Zn	1400	Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae)	Bladder campion			Ernst et al. (1990)
Zn		Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H)	Native to North America.	[1][3][28]
Zn	H-10,000	Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae)	Alpine pennycress	Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H)	48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal[31]	[1][3][8][32][33][34][42]
Zn		Trifolium pratense	Red Clover	Nonmetal accumulator.	Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria.[31]

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

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Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC
T. Stijve (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A. 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031. PMID 562040.
Mark P. de Souza; Dara Chu; May Zhao; Adel M. Zayed; Steven E. Ruzin; Denise Schichnes & Norman Terry (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiol. 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMC 32133. PMID 9952452.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.
Average Se concentration of 22 µg L-1 supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
Z.-Q. Lin; M.P. de Souza; I. J. Pickering; N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (6): 2104–10. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID 12469862. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2006-11-02.

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[MS898-1] McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, page 898.

[GH-2] Grauer & Horst 1990

[MS891-3] McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891.

[watan-4] Toshihiro Watanabe; Mitsuru Osaki; Teruhiko Yoshihara; Toshiaki Tadano (April 1998). "Distribution and chemical speciation of aluminum in the Al accumulator plant, Melastoma malabathricum L.". Plant and Soil. 201 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1023/A:1004341415878.

[edis-5] Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Japanese Hydrangeas. Archived 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine By Rick Shoellhorn and Alexis A. Richardson. Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date February 5, 2005.

[SV-6] Guidi Nissim W.; Pitre F.E.; Kadri H.; Desjardins D.; Labrecque M. (2014). "Early Response Of Willow To Increasing Silver Concentration Exposure". International Journal of Phytoremediation. 16 (4): 660–670. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856840. PMID 24933876.

[Fiegl-7] A Resource Guide: The Phytoremediation of Lead to Urban, Residential Soils. Site adapted from a report from Northwestern University written by Joseph L. Fiegl, Bryan P. McDonnell, Jill A. Kostel, Mary E. Finster, and Dr. Kimberly Gray. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011.

[MS19-8] Phytoremediation. By McCutcheon & Schnoor. 2003, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19.

[Schmidt03-9] Ulrich Schmidt (2003). "Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals". J. Environ. Qual. 32 (6): 1939–54. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1939. PMID 14674516. Archived from the original on 2007-02-25.

[Yu06-10] Yu XZ, Zhou PH, Yang YM (July 2006). "The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by willows". Ecotoxicology. 15 (5): 461–7. doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0081-5. PMID 16703454.

[boro-11] Borovička J.; Řanda Z.; Jelínek E.; Kotrba P.; Dunn C.E. (2007). "Hyperaccumulation of silver by Amanita strobiliformis and related species of the section Lepidella". Mycological Research. 111 (Pt 11): 1339–44. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.015. PMID 18023163.

[Haverkamp2007JNanopartRes-12] R.G. Haverkamp and A.T. Marshall and D. van Agterveld (2007). "Pick your Carats: Nanoparticles of Gold-Silver-Copper Alloy Produced In Vivo". J. Nanoparticle Res. 9 (4): 697–700. Bibcode:2007JNR.....9..697H. doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9198-y.

[PP-13] Porter and Peterson 1975

[borov-14] Braeuer S.; Goessler W.; Kameník J.; Konvalinková T.; Žigová A.; Borovička J. (2018). "Arsenic hyperaccumulation and speciation in the edible ink stain bolete (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus)". Food Chemistry. 242: 225–231. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.038. PMC 6118325. PMID 29037683.

[Wang02-15] Junru Wang; Fang-Jie Zhao; Andrew A. Meharg; Andrea Raab; Joerg Feldmann; Steve P. McGrath (November 2002). "Mechanisms of Arsenic Hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake Kinetics, Interactions with Phosphate, and Arsenic Speciation". Plant Physiol. 130 (3): 1552–61. doi:10.1104/pp.008185. PMC 166674. PMID 12428020. 18 days' hydroponic experiment with varying concentrations of arsenate and P. Within 8 h, 50% to 78% of the As taken up is distributed to the fronds, which take from 1.3 to 6.7 times more As than the roots do. No P for 8 days increases the arsenate's maximum net influx by 2.5-fold; the plants then absorbs 10 times more arsenate than arsenite. If on the other hand the P supply is increased, As uptake decreases - with a greater effect on the roots than on the shoots. More arsenate decreases the P concentration in the roots, but not in the fronds. P in the uptake solution markedly decreases arsenate uptake. The presence or absence of P does not affect the uptake of arsenite, which translocates more easily than arsenate.

[Tu05-16] C. Tu, L.Q. Ma & B. Bondada (2002). "Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (5): 1671–5. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1671. PMID 12371185. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-19.

[Duan05-17] Gui-Lan Duan; Y.-G. Zhu; Y.-P. Tong; C. Cai; R. Kneer (2005). "Characterization of Arsenate Reductase in the Extract of Roots and Fronds of Chinese Brake Fern, an Arsenic Hyperaccumulator". Plant Physiology. 138 (1): 461–9. doi:10.1104/pp.104.057422. PMC 1104199. PMID 15834011. Yeast (Saccharomyces c.) has an arsenate reductase, Acr2p, that uses glutathione as the electron donor. Pteris vittata has an arsenate reductase with the same reaction mechanism, and the same substrate specificity and sensitivity toward inhibitors (P as a competitive inhibitor, arsenite as a noncompetitive inhibitor).

[P95-18] Priel 1995.

[G94-19] Gurta et al. 1994

[Bennetta06-20] L.E. Bennetta; J.L. Burkheada; K.L. Halea; N. Terry; M. Pilona; E.A. H. Pilon-Smits (2003). "Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings". Journal of Environmental Quality. 32 (2): 432. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.0432. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10.

[duke-21] Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke. Available only online. An excellent source of information on numerous plants.

[biosci-22] "Biology Briefs". BioScience. 26 (3): 223–224. 1976. doi:10.2307/1297259. JSTOR 1297259.

[PR-23] Phytoremediation of radionuclides. Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine

[Lan04-24] J.K. Lan (March 2004). "Recent developments of phytoremediation". J. Geol. Hazards Environ. Preserv. 15 (1): 46–51. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20.

[gohl-25] Tropical feeds. Feed information summaries and nutritive values. By B. Gohl. 1981. FAO Animal Production and Health Series 12. FAO, Rome. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke.

[T94-26] Tiemmann et al. 1994

[S87-27] Sen et al. 1987

[SR94-28] Srivastav 1994

[W74-29] Wild 1974

[BY84-30] Brooks & Yang 1984

[Delorme01-31] T.A. Delorme; J.V. Gagliardi; J.S. Angle; R.L. Chaney (2001). "Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations". Can. J. Microbiol. 47 (8): 773–6. doi:10.1139/cjm-47-8-773. PMID 11575505. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.

[Prasad05-32] Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (Jan–Mar 2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1590/s1677-04202005000100010.

[BB89-33] Baker & Brooks, 1989

[Lombi01-34] E. Lombi, F.J. Zhao, S.J. Dunham et S.P. McGrath (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (6): 1919–26. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID 11789997. Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-09-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Morrison79-35] R.S. Morrison; R.R. Brooks; R.D. Reeves; F. Malaisse (December 1979). "Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre". Plant and Soil. 53 (4): 535–539. doi:10.1007/bf02140724.

[SPR77-36] R. R. Brooks (1977). "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species". Plant and Soil. 48 (2): 541–544. doi:10.1007/BF02187261.

[37] Howard-Williams, C. (1970). "The ecology of Becium homblei in Central Africa with special reference to metalliferous soils". Journal of Ecology. 58 (3): 745–763. doi:10.2307/2258533. JSTOR 2258533.

[Manganese-38] Mizuno, Takafumi; Emori, Kanae; Ito, Shin-ichiro (2013). "Manganese hyperaccumulation from non-contaminated soil in Chengiopanax sciadophylloides Franch. et Sav. and its correlation with calcium accumulation". Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 59 (4): 591–602. doi:10.1080/00380768.2013.807213.

[BW90-39] Baker & Walker 1990

[A83-40] Atri 1983

[Siciliano03-41] S.D. Siciliano; J.J. Germida; K. Banks; C. W. Greer (January 2003). "Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (1): 483–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.483-489.2003. PMC 152433. PMID 12514031.

[PDT-42] Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC

[43] T. Stijve (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A. 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031. PMID 562040.

[Souza99-44] Mark P. de Souza; Dara Chu; May Zhao; Adel M. Zayed; Steven E. Ruzin; Denise Schichnes & Norman Terry (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiol. 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMC 32133. PMID 9952452.

[45] X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.

[selenium-46] Average Se concentration of 22 µg L-1 supplied over a 24-d experimental period.

[Souza02-47] Z.-Q. Lin; M.P. de Souza; I. J. Pickering; N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (6): 2104–10. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID 12469862. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2006-11-02.