List of solar telescopes

This is a list of solar telescopes built in various countries around the world. A solar telescope is a specialized telescope that is used to observe the Sun.

This list contains ground-based professional observatory telescopes at optical wavelengths in chronological order. Solar telescopes often have multiple focal lengths, and use a various combination of mirrors such as coelostats, lenses, and tubes for instruments including spectrographs, cameras, or coronagraphs. There are many types of instruments that have been designed to observe Earth's Sun, for example, in the 20th century solar towers were common.

Existing large solar telescopes
Name/Observatory Image Aperture d. Year(s) Location Country(s) Note
Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) 400 cm[1]2019-[2]Maui, Hawaii, USA United StatesFirst light early December 2019,[3] first routine scientific observations season planned for 2021[4]
Chinese Large Solar Telescope (CLST)- 180 cm2019 -Western part of China ChinaFirst light 10 December 2019[5]
GREGOR, Teide Observatory150 cm2012–Tenerife, Spain Germany[6]
Goode Solar Telescope (GST), Big Bear Solar Observatory160 cm2008–California, United States United StatesLocated in a lake.
New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), Yunnan Astronomical Observatory- 100 cm2010–Yunnan, China China100 cm vacuum solar telescope[7]
Andrei Severny Tower Solar Telescope, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory90 cm1954–Crimea-
Multi-purpose automated solar telescope, Sayan Solar Observatory[8]-80 cm–Mondy, Republic of Buryatia, Russia RussiaLocated in the mountains at 2000m altitude.
Large Solar Vakuum Telescope, Baikal Astrophysical Observatory[9]76 cm1980–Irkutsk_Oblast, Russia RussiaLocated on the Coast of Lake Baikal.
Optical and Near-Infrared Solar Eruption Tracer (ONSET), School of Astronomy & Space Science, Nanjing University- 3x27,5 cm2010–Nanjing, China ChinaThe ONSET consists of four tubes: (1) a near-infrared vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (2) a chromospheric vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (3) a WL vacuum tube, with an aperture of 20 cm and (4) a guiding tube.[10]
Bulgarian 15-cm Solar Coronagraph,[11] NAO - Rozhen-100 cm2005–Rozhen, Bulgaria Bulgaria
Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope[12](SST), ORM100 cm2002–La Palma, Spain Sweden
Prairie View Solar Observatory (PVSO)35 cm1999–Texas, USA United States
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT), ORM45 cm1997–La Palma, Spain Netherlands
THÉMIS Solar Telescope, Teide Obs.90 cm1996–Tenerife, Spain Italy and  France
Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT),[13] Teide Obs.70 cm1989–Tenerife, Spain Germany
Hida Domeless Solar Telescope[14] (ja)- 60 cm1979–Takayama, Gifu, Japan Japan
Udaipur Solar Observatory
MAST
Full Disk H-alpha Telescope
H-alpha Spar Telescope
Coudé Telescope
50 cm
15 cm
25 cm
15 cm		1976–Udaipur, India India
Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST), Sacramento Peak 76 cm1969–Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA United States
Solar Observatory Tower Meudon60 cm1968–Meudon, France France
McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope, KPO 161 cm1961–Arizona, USA United StatesLargest aperture optical and infrared solar telescope for nearly six decades
ARIES Observatory-15 cm1961–Nainital, India India
Solar Tunnel Telescope, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory 61 cm (24 in)1958–[15]Kodaikanal, India India
45-cm-Turmteleskop-45 cm1943-Schauinsland, Germany Germany
Gregory Coudé Telescope
45 cm1959-Locarno, Switzerland  SwitzerlandOperated by the Universitäts-Sternwarte Göttingen until 1984 and by IRSOL after 1984.
Solar Tower Telescope by Zeiss[16]- 45 cm1930–Tokyo, Japan Japan
Einsteinturm60 cm1924–Potsdam, Germany Germany
150-foot tower,[1] Mount Wilson Observatory 35 cm (24")1912–California, USA United States
Snow Solar Telescope,[17] Mount Wilson Observatory- 61 cm (24")1904–California, USA United Statesfirst solar tower telescope
Lerebour/Grubb-Parsons, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory 20 cm1901–Kodaikanal, India India (1947- )
 United Kingdom (1901–1950)

Former solar telescopes after 1900
Name/Observatory Image Aperture d. Year(s) Location Country(s) Note
Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope, ORM-47.5 cm1985–2000La Palma, Spain SwedenReplaced by the SST
Gregory Coude Telescope (GCT)[18] 45 cm[1]1984–2002Tenerife, Spain (1984–2002) GermanyReplaced by GREGOR
Evans Solar Facility (ESF),[19] Sacramento Peak 40 cm1953–2014Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA United StatesAlso a coronagraph
Göttinger Sonnenturm (Solar Tower Telescope, Zeiss 1942)2x15 cm
11 cm		1942–2004Göttingen, Germany Germany65 cm-Coelostat by Zeiss, feeding light into several small light paths in tower
McMath-Hulbert Observatory-61 cm (24")1941–1979Michigan, USA United StatesReplaced the 10.5in in 1941
50-foot tower, McMath-Hulbert Observatory- 40 cm1936–1979Michigan, USA United States
10.5 inch, McMath-Hulbert Observatory- 26.7 cm (10.5")1930–1941Michigan, USA United StatesReplaced by the 24 inch in 1941
Arcetri solar tower37 cm1925-2006Arcetri, Italy Italy

Telescopes for the Sun have existed for hundreds of years, this list is not complete and only goes back to 1900.

Potential future solar telescopes
Name/Observatory Image Aperture d. Status Location Country(s) Note
COronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO)[20]- 150 cmproposedHawaii, USA United States
National Large Solar Telescope (NLST)-200 cmproposed[21]Merak Village, Ladakh, India India
Chinese Giant Solar Telescope (CGST)[22]- 500–800 cmplannedWestern part of China China
European Solar Telescope (EST)[23]- 400+ cmplannedCanary Islands15 European countries[24]


Other types of solar telescopes

There are much smaller commercial and/or amateur telescopes such as Coronado Filters from founder and designer David Lunt, bought by Meade Instruments in 2004 and sells SolarMax solar telescopes up to 8 cm[25][26]

Most solar observatories observe optically at visible, UV, and near infrared wavelengths, but other things can be observed.

References
  1. "Big Bear Solar Observatory - Large Solar Telescopes".
  2. "Welcome to the DKIST | DKIST".
  3. Witze, A. (29 January 2020). "World's most powerful solar telescope is up and running". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00224-z.
  4. "Cycle 1 Proposal Call Announcement". NSO/DKIST. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  5. "First light of the 1.8-m solar telescope–CLST". SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  6. GREGOR Website at KIS, Freiburg
  7. http://www.iau.org/static/scientific_meetings/iau_ga_2012/speeches/su_ding_qiang.pdf
  8. http://en.iszf.irk.ru/Main_Page Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics
  9. http://en.iszf.irk.ru/Main_Page Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics
  10. Hao, Q.; Guo, Y.; Dai, Y.; Ding, M. D.; Li, Z.; Zhang, X. Y.; Fang, C. (2012). "Understanding the white-light flare on 2012 March 9: Evidence of a two-step magnetic reconnection". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: L17. arXiv:1211.1751. Bibcode:2012A&A...544L..17H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219941.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2015-06-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. solarphysics.kva.se The Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-12-26. Retrieved 2009-02-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "The Domeless Solar Telescope".
  15. "I.S. Glass's home page".
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2014-08-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "Telescope: Snow Solar Telescope".
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-09-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. https://nsosp.nso.edu/esf
  20. http://www.cosmo.ucar.edu/
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2010-09-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. Y. Y. Deng (21 March 2011). "Introduction to the Chinese Giant Solar Telescope" (PDF). www.ncra.tifr.res.in. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  23. "Home".
  24. http://www.astro-east.org/
  25. Sky & Telescope: David Lunt (1942-2005)
  26. David Lunt biography, Solar Filter designer Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

See also
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