List of state leaders in 1665
Africa
- Kingdom of Bamum – Ngouloure (1629–1672)
- Kingdom of Dahomey – Houegbadja (1645–1685)
- Ethiopian Empire – Fasilides (1632–1667)
- Maravi -
Asia
- Ahom –
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) – Narai (1656–1688)
- China (Qing dynasty) - Kangxi Emperor (1662–1722)
- Kingdom of Coorg - Muddu Raja I (1633-1687)
- Empire of Japan –
- Monarch – Reigen (1663–1687)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651–1680)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shitsu (1648–1668)
- Joseon (Korea) – Hyeonjong (1659–1674)
- Mughal Empire – Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
- Taiwan (Kingdom of Tungning) - Zheng Jing (1662–1681)
- Sultanate of Tidore – Saifuddin (1657–1689)
- Persia -
- Đại Việt -
Europe
- Austria - Leopold VI, Archduke of Austria (1657–1705), also Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire (1658–1705)
- Kingdom of Denmark–Norway – Frederick III (1648–1670)
- Kingdom of England – Charles II (1660–1685)
- Kingdom of France – Louis XIV (1643–1715)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
- Sultan - Mehmed IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Grand Vizier - Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)
- Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (1648–1668)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Afonso VI (1656–1683)
- Tsardom of Russia – Aleksey I (1645–1676)
- Duchy of Savoy – Charles Emmanuel II (1638–1675)
- Kingdom of Spain
- Philip IV (1621–1665)
- Charles II (1665–1700)
- Kingdom of Sweden – Charles XI (1660–1697)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany – Ferdinando II de' Medici (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)
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