List of steam car makers

The steam car manufacturers listed here were mostly active during the first period of volume production, roughly 1860–1930, with a peak around 1900. From 1940 onwards, steam cars have tended to be either experimental or prototypes.

The first experimental steam-powered vehicles were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it was not until after Richard Trevithick had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was viable to produce them on a commercial basis. The next sixty years saw continuing improvements in vehicle technology and manufacturing techniques and steam road vehicles were used for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of internal combustion engine technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of vehicles on a commercial basis prior to World War II. Since then there have been sporadic resurgences of interest in steam, particularly in the late 1960s in California to address air pollution issues and later in response to the 1973 oil crisis.

1600s – Concepts

MakeCountryYears activeComments
GrimaldiItaly1671Phillipe-Marie Grimaldi is thought to have followed on from the Belgian model steam vehicle and served as an inspiration for the Italian model steam-powered carriage successor.[1][2]
VerbiestBelgium1665
Ferdinand Verbiest is suggested to have built what may have been the first steam-powered carriage in about 1665, it had a length of 65cm and was powered by an aeolipile. Both the Belgian model and later the Italian model were little more than toys.[3][4]

1700s – Pioneers

MakeCountryYears activeComments
CugnotFrance1769

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's "machine à feu pour le transport de wagons et surtout de l'artillerie" ("fire engine for transporting wagons and especially artillery") was built in two versions, one in 1769 and one in 1771 for use by the French Army.[5]

Fourness and AshworthEngland1788A British patent No.1674 of December 1788 was granted for a steam-powered car.[6]
MurdochScotland1784
William Murdoch built and operated a steam-powered carriage in model form in 1784. In 1791 he built a larger steam-powered carriage which he had to abandon to do other work.[7]
NoletFrance1748It seems that the Belgian vehicle of 1665 served as an inspiration for the French steam-powered carriage successor.[8]
SymingtonScotland1786William Symington built a steam-powered carriage in 1786.[9]

1800s – Early developments

MakeCountryYears activeComments
AikenUS1882A steam car built by Dr William E Aiken of the University of Maryland.[10]
AmoskeagUS1872Amoskeag alongside building locomotives for railroad use also built a self-propelled fire extinguishing steam carriage.[11]
AndersonIreland1829
James C. Anderson built several steam carriages in conjunction with Henry James and later Jasper W. Rogers.[12] [13]
AustinEngland1863The Austin Steam car was made in 1863.[14]
BlackburnEngland1878A steam-powered dog-cart.[15]
BlanchardUS1825A steam-powered wagon created by Thomas Blanchard of Springfield, Massachusetts.[16]
BolléeFrance1873
Amédée manufactured his first steam vehicle the L'Obéissante (The Obedient) in 1873 and made the first road trip between Paris and Le Mans in 18 hours. The L'Obéissante carried 12 passengers and had a cruising speed of 30 km/h (19 mph) and a top speed of 40 km/h (25 mph). It was driven by two V twin steam engines, one for each rear wheel.[17]
BordinoItaly1854Colonel Bordino built a steam carriage in 1854.[18]
BožekPoland/Czech Republic1815
Josef Božek began construction of a steam carriage in 1814 and completed it 1815. Božek is considered one of the founders of Czech mechanics.[19]
Burstall & HillEngland1824Timothy Burstall and John Hill built a steam carriage in 1824.[20]
CallihanUS1884
Designed by Edward Scott Callihan, it was a tricycle layout with a single spoked wheel in front and two at the rear. The driver sat behind the steam boiler on a seat from a reaper. It was steered it with levers. The top speed was 15 mph. Only one was built.[21]
Catley & AyresEngland1863A small three-wheeled vehicle propelled by a horizontal twin cylinder engine which drove the rear axle by spur gearing, only one rear wheel was driven, the other turning freely on the axle.
CarhartUS1871A steam buggy made by Dr J.W. Carhart of Racine, Wisconsin.
CopelandUS1887
Made a steam-powered bicycle and a three wheeler. Only prototypes made.[22]
CurtisUS1867In 1866 Francis Curtis, Newburyport, Massachusetts invented a steam engine attached to a piece of fire fighting equipment. Curtis demonstrated it to Nehemiah Bean, who went on to design the steam-powered Amoskeag fire wagon. The following year Curtis built a steam passenger carriage for an unnamed client. The client did not pay, and Curits made the first repossession in American history. During the initial testing of the carriage a warrant was issued for Curtis' arrest. To escape the arresting officer, Curtis made the first getaway by car in American history.[23]
De Dion-Bouton et TrepardouxFrance1883–1904
The company was renamed De Dion-Bouton, possibly as a result of Trepardoux resigning in 1894 over the use of petrol engines. The last steam-powered cars were made in 1904. The company lasted until the 1950s.[22][24]
DudgeonUS1859
Robert Dudgeon of New York made a steam-powered carriage to take his family to church. The carriage was described as noisy and costly to run. It was abandoned.[25][26]
EvansUS1805
In 1805 Oliver Evans built the Oruktor amphibolos (literally Amphibious digger), a steam-powered, flat bottomed dredger that he modified to be self-propelled on both water and land. The dredger was not a success, and after a few years lying idle, was dismantled for parts.[27]
FieldUS1879A steam car built by Edwin F Field of Lewiston, who later went on to superintend the Skene American Automobile Company.[28]
FisherUS1859
A one off steam carriage designed by J H Fisher and built by Danforth, Cooke & Co. Fisher continued to work on the carriage until his death in 1873.[29]
FowlerEngland1862John Fowler built a steam car in 1862.[30]
GrenvilleEngland1875–1880
It was designed about 1875 by Robert Grenville of Glastonbury with some assistance from his friend George Churchward.
GriffithEngland1821Julius Griffith built a steam carriage in 1821.[31]
GurneyEngland1827Goldsworthy Gurney built a steam carriage in 1827.[32]
HancockEngland1829Walter Hancock in 1829 built a 10 seat steam bus called the Infant.
HillsUS1868A steam-powered buggy later converted to petrol made by James Hills of Fleetwood.[33]
HoltEngland1866H.P. Holt made a three wheel light steam carriage.[34]
InshawEngland1881John Inshaw built a steam car in 1881.
JacquotFrance1878
Designed and built by Louis Lejeune.
JamesEngland1829See Anderson.
KemnaGermany1871
In 1871 Julius Kemna started selling English steam threshing systems. A couple of years later Kemna started producing various other steam-powered vehicles (such as road rollers) but also high quality steam ploughing engines and road steamers.
KnightEngland1868–1870In 1868–1870 John Henry Knight of Farnham built a four-wheeled steam carriage which originally only had a single-cylinder engine.
LeonardCanada184?In 1840 Elijah Leonard set up a machine shop and foundry at London, Ontario, on York street where he began to manufacture agricultural equipment and then cars, tracks and other equipment for railways. The company now known as Leonard and Sons, went on to manufacture steam boilers and steam-powered equipment.
LongUS1880
The Long steam tricycle was built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883. One example was built.
LotzFrance1860Lotz in 1860 built a steam car called the L'Eclair.[35]
MaceroneEngland1832Colonel Francis Macerone built a steam carriage in 1832.[36]
ManzettiItaly1864In 1864 Italian inventor Innocenzo Manzetti, associated with Serpolett, built a road steamer.[37] It had the boiler at the front and a single cylinder engine.
MantonUS1866An experimental coal-burning steamer built by Joseph P Manton of Providence, Rhode Island.[38]
MasonUS1885–1897William B Mason of the Mason Regulator Company (now a subsidiary of Dresser Industries) made his first steam carriage in 1885. He made a second car in July 1897. Both these vehicles were used as test beds for his steam engines.[23]
MérelleFrance1889Fernand Mérelle was the concessionaire for De Dion and Bouton at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris and cars were sold under that name.[24][39]
NairnScotland1870Nairn built a steam bus in 1870.
OldsUS1886–1894Ransom Old's is reputed to have made his first steam-powered car in 1886. He did make the first car exported from the United States in 1893. It was steam powered and destined for India. However, the ship sank and the car was never delivered.[40]
PaganiItaly1830Luigi Pagani built a steam car in 1830.[41]
PeugeotFrance1889The first Peugeot automobile was a three-wheeled steam-powered car designed by Léon Serpollet and was produced in 1889, only four examples were made.
RandolphScotland1872In 1872 a steam bus by Charles Randolph of Glasgow weighed four and a half tons, was 15 feet (5 m) in length, but had a maximum speed of only 6 miles per hour. Two vertical twin cylinder engines were independent of one another and each drove one of the rear wheels by spur gearing. The entire vehicle was enclosed and fitted with windows all around and carried six people.
RickettEngland1854–1860Rickett made ploughs and steam engines. In 1858 he created a steam-powered plough. This inspired the Marquess of Stafford to order a steam car. This vehicle had a rear mounted coal fire boiler with a two cylinder engine and three wheels, the single wheel at the front. He made a second vehicle for the Earl of Caithness in 1860. These were potentially England's first cars.
RobertsUS1884A steam car made by John H Roberts of Providence, Rhode Island.[38]
RogersIreland1829See Anderson.
RoperUS1861–1894
Sylvester H. Roper drove around Boston, Massachusetts on a steam car he invented in 1863.[42][43][44][45][46] One of his 1863 cars went to the Henry Ford Museum, where, in 1972, it was the oldest car in the collection.[28][44][45][47][23]
RusselScotland1834
John Scott Russell built a steam carriage in 1834.[48]
SantlerEngland1889In 1887 the Santler brothers designed a small steam engine that they had running in 1889 and installed in a four wheeled chassis.
ScottNew Zealand1881Robert Julian Scott's steam-powered buggy built by Cutten and Co, Dunedin.
SerpolletFrance1887–1898
Léon Serpollet's first steam cars were sold under his own name, before the partnership as Gardner-Serpollet. Serpollet is credited with inventing the flash boiler.
SpencerUS1862–1904Christopher Spencer built a steam buggy in Connecticut. He continued making steam vehicles with his last being delivery vans for a New York dairy.[49]
SquireEngland1843John Squire built a steam bus in 1843.[50]
Summers & OgleEngland1830-1831In around 1830-1831 William Alltoft Summers and Nathaniel Ogle based at the Iron Foundry, Millbrook, Southampton, made two three-wheeled steam carriages.
TaylorCanada1867
The Henry Seth Taylor steam buggy was the first known car built in Canada. It was built by Henry Seth Taylor, a watchmaker and jeweller in Stanstead, Quebec in 1867. It was unveiled at the Stanstead Fall Fair that year.[51][52]
ThomsonScotland1869
In 1869 the road steamer built by Robert William Thomson of Edinburgh became famous because its wheels were shod with heavy solid rubber tyres.
ThurySwitzerland1879
In 1879 René Thury made a steam-powered tricycle.
TrevithickEngland1803
In 1803 Richard Trevithick built the London Steam Carriage that ran successfully in London in 1803, but the venture failed to attract interest and soon folded up.[53]
WhitneyUS1885–1898George Eli Whitney of the East Boston Whitney Motor Wagon Company began to make a steam motor vehicle in 1885 when he partly built one. In 1895 he began again and completed the 650 lb carriage in October 1896. He built several more machines after that date. Whitney had gained experience while working on the Roper steam velocipede. For a short time Whitney's were manufactured by the Stanley Manufacturing Company as Stanley-Whitney's and by Everett Motor Carriage Company as Everett's[23] In 1899 Whitney sold the rights to a higher powered version of his car to Brown Brothers of England.[54]
Yarrow & HilditchEngland1861Alfred Yarrow and James Bracebridge Hilditch built a steam car in 1861.

1890s – Commercial manufacture

MakeCountryYears activeComments
American WalthamUS1898–1899The American Waltham was produced from 1898 to 1899 by the American Waltham Manufacturing Co., a bicycle firm based in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was a typical light steam buggy with a two cylinder engine under the seat, cycle type wheels and tiller steering.[28]
BaldwinUS1899–1905The Baldwin Automobile Manufacturing Company made steam runabouts at Connellsville from at least July 1899. By 1901 the company was in receivership, but continued trading till about 1905. The relationship between these cars and Leo Baldwin's is unknown, although they may be the same.[22][55]
BaldwinUS1899–1901A steam buggy made by Leo F.N. Baldwin's Baldwin Automobile Company, of Providence. He moved to Connellsville in March 1900 and built the Baldwin there until 1901. He then returned to Providence and continued manufacturing under the Baldwin Motor Wagon Company until 1902. Closing his factory that year, Leo Baldwin went on to sell steamers and later race Stanley's.[23][38] Also see Cruickshank and Cross below.
BestUS1898Daniel Best of the Best Manufacturing Company, San Leandro made an experimental automobile in 1898 but decided not to put it into production. He also built a runabout for personal use. The company made traction engines and its factory was later sold to Holt now part of Caterpillar.[56]
BlackUS1891In 1891 Charles H Black completed and tested his first steam-powered "chug buggy". However, he rejected the steam engine for use in an automobile as being "too cumbersome and hard to manage" and continued to search for a more suitable engine.
Brown-WhitneyEngland1899–1900See Whitney.
BuardFrance1896–1914Concentrated on steam-powered bicycles.[22]
Burgett & WestUS1899C.E. Burgett and William S West of Middleburgh, New York made a steam car prototype. This vehicle was exhibited in 1901 at the Schoharie County Fairgrounds. No more were known to have been made.[22][57]
CameronUS1899An alternative name for the Eclipse.[58]
CederholmSweden1892
Painter Joens Cederholm and his brother, André, a blacksmith, designed their first car, a two seater, introducing a condensor in 1894. It was not a success.[59]
CenturyUS1899–1903
Century Motor Vehicle Company (1899–1903) was a manufacturer of electric and steam automobiles in Syracuse, New York. The company switched to gasoline-fuelled internal combustion engine-powered automobiles in January 1903, and went out of business later that year.[28]
ClarkUS1895–1909Edward S Clark made several experimental steam-powered wagons in Boston before in 1900 he began manufacturing steam cars at Dorchester. His steam engine was a horizontally-opposed 20 hp 4 cylinder engines of 20 hp which was centrally mounted and had the flash boiler located at the front. He also made steam-powered delivery wagons.[28][60]
ClarksonEngland1899–1902[61]
CrossUS1897Only one Cross was made. LFN Baldwin of the Cruickshank Engine Works, Providence, Rhode Island made the steam engine, Alonza Cross of the Cross Writing Instrument Company made the chassis, and the body was made by H M Howe, a carriage maker. It was the first car made in Rhode Island. Construction began in October 1897 and its first trial run was in March 1898.[22][23]
CrouchUS1897–1899Three steam-powered cars are believed to have been made by W E Crouch, a machinist from New Brighton, Pennsylvania. His third and final car made in Baltlimore still exists and is believed to have been made from parts used in his first two vehicles. The steam engine is thought to be a converted marine engine. The car's body was an angle iron frame with aluminum cladding.[28][62]
CruickshankUS1896Cruickshank Engine Company made steam carriages to order. Alonza Cross was probably a Cruickshank's as Leo F N Baldwin who constructed the engine was employed by them. Baldwin went on to set up his own firm in 1899.[38]
DykeUS1899–1904A steam kit car produced by A L Dyke Auto Supply Company of St. Louis. When the company ceased making steam cars, it became a publisher.[63]
Ernest OfeldtUS1898See Ofeldt.
EclipseUS1899–1903Eclipse Automobile Company bodies were made in Amesbury by Currier, Cameron and Company.[58]
ElectrobatUS1895–1897See Salom and Morris.
EllisEngland1899–1902Probably prototypes only.[22]
EuropeenneFrance1899–1901 (possibly as late as 1905)In early 1899 La Societe Europeene d' Automobiles made a two-seat runabout and a four-seat dogcart. The patent was in the names of Tatin and Taniere.[22][64]
EverettUS1899See Whitney.
Fawcett-FolwerEngland1897A steam car produced by Fawcett Preston & Co. Ltd.[65]
GaethUS1898An experimental steam car. Paul Gaeth went on to make petrol engined cars at Cleveland, Ohio from 1902 to 1911.[22][28]
Gardner-Serpollet (See Serpollet)France1899–1907
Serpollet's were made up to 1899, when the Frank Gardner became involved and the make changed to Gardner-Serpollet. The first cars sold under the new name were in 1900.[22]
Gautier–WehrléFrance1894–1898Their first cars were steam powered but by 1898 they were using petrol engines.[22]
GroutUS1899–1905Their first cars were called New Home. Manufacturing was located in Orange, Massachusetts and the company run by Carl, Fred and C.B. Grout in partnership with Thomas H. White. William L. Grout, their father, set up the company. The name changed to Grout in 1899.[28]
HartleyUS1895–1899The Harley Power Supply Company made a cart powered by a rotary steam engine. It participated in the 1895 Chicago Times Herald motor race. The company withdrew from vehicle manufacture in 1899.[22][28][66]
HouseEngland1899–1902See Lifu.
Hughes & AtkinUS1899–1903Made by William Hughes and Joseph W Atkin of the Rhode Island Auto Carriage Company. Made about 14 steam-powered carriages.[38]
KensingtonUS1899–1902The Kensington Automobile Manufacturing Company manufactured steam cars until 1902. In 1903 the company went out of business after unsuccessfully seeking a licence to manufacture Darracq's.[22][28][67]
KeystoneUS1899–1900The Keystone Match and Machine Company of Lebanon, Pennsylvania made three cylinder steam-powered cars until 1900, when it returned to manufacturing matches and machinery.[28][68]
LamploughEngland1896A shaft-driven steamer created by Frederick Lamplough who went on to make a steam-powered car in 1903 for Albany Manufacturing.
LaneUS1899–1910Manufactured in Poughkeepsie, New York.[22][28] The Lane Motor Vehicle Company initially produced a 30-horsepower vehicle that could carry six people. The vehicle weighed 3,200 pounds, had a steel frame, a detachable aluminum body, and could obtain a speed of 15 mph. Manufacturing of the vehicle began in 1902 at a price of $2,250. In 1909, Lane sold 150 vehicles. Production of the vehicles ended in 1912 due to high cost of production and the company focused on its primary products which included barn door hangers and automobile jacks.[69]
LeachUS1899–1901A 2 seat or 4 seat buggy for use on good roads.[28]
LifuEngland1899–1902
House and Lifu steam cars designed by Henry Alonzo House were manufactured by Liquid Fuel Engineering Company of East Cowes, Isle of Wight. The cars may have been manufactured under license. Most Lifu steam-powered vehicles were commercial trucks, buses and vans. House had made a steam carriage with his brother in 1866.[22][70][71][72]
LocomobileUS1899–1903
Locomobile acquired the right to make Stanley's in 1899. They were a well known lightweight and relatively low-cost steam car, although widely criticised for poor performance. In 1904 Locomobile switched to gasoline engines. The company remained in business until the 1920s.[28][73]
LoomisUS1896A single steam-powered car made by Gilbert J Loomis. In 1900 Loomis went on to build a line of gasoline powered cars.[74]
MaldenUS1898Light steam cars made by the Malden Automobile Company of Malden.[28]
MalevezBelgium1898–1908Malevez were agents for Lifu commercial steam-powered vehicles. They are known to have manufactured cars, but sources do not state their motive power.[22]
MarlboroUS1899–1902The Marlboro Steam Stanhope was built by Orrin P Walker of Boston with assistance from William B Mason who provided the engines. The car was similar in design to Locomobile's and Stanley's of the period. After an initial period of success the company ceased trading in 1903.[28][75][76]
MarshUS1899Marsh Motor Carriage Co, Brockton, Massachusetts.[77]
MasonUS1898–1899William B Mason of Milton, Massachusetts.[77]
MiesseBelgium1896–1926The first Miesse steam car La Torpille was made in 1896 by Jules Miesse. In 1903 the company licensed Turner's of England to manufacture its cars under licence. These were marketed as Turner-Miesse. In 1910 the company branched into steam-powered commercial vehicles. The final steam cars were made in 1926, and many were used as taxis in Brussels. From that point forward the focus was on petrol and diesel engine commercial vehicles.[22][78][79]
MobileUS1899–1903
The Mobile Company of America was founded by John B Walker in 1899 after a fallout with Locomobile's Amzi L Barber, whose financing had earlier allowed Walker to purchase the Stanley Steamer concern. By 1903, the Mobile Company of America was out of business.[28][80]
Montier & GilletFrance1897The Montier & Gillet was a French automobile manufacture only in 1897. A steam Wagonette steered by a tiller featured an odd-looking boiler.
Morris SalomUS1895 1897Salom and Morris of Philidelpia.[77]
New EnglandUS1899–1900The New England Motor Carriage Company made a steam-powered runabout. It was lever steered. The company began manufacturing Comet bicycles and sold the steam car business to Stanton Company.[28]
New HomeUS1897–1898See Grout.
OfeldtUS1899–1902F.W. Ofeldt and Sons built steam cars in Brooklyn, New York from 1899 to 1900 and Newark, New Jersey from 1901 to 1902. The first cars were also known as Ernest and Ofeldt.[22]
OrientUS1898–1899A steam buggy made by Waltham's.[81]
OvendenUS1899W C Ovenden of West Boylston made a light steam buggy. Only one was sold.[22]
OvermanUS1899–1904Overman Wheel Company, later the Overman Automobile Company of Chicopee Falls MA.[77] See Victor.
PecoriItaly1891Enrico Pecori built a steam tricycle in 1891.[82]
Rand & HarveyUS1899A light steam buggy made in Lewiston. Probably only a prototype.[22]
SalvasonScotland1897
A one-off steam cart made for a Norwegian who commissioned it for use around his Scottish estate near Grangemouth.[83]
SchöcheGermany1895
Gustav Adolf Schöche in 1895 designed a steam car.[84]
ScotteFrance1892–1901
A steam car that competed in the 1894 Paris to Rouen car race. No further detail is known.
ShaverUS1895A steam buggy made by Joseph Shaver of Milwaukee. Only one was made.[56]
ShearerAustralia1898
Australia's first indigenous automobile. It was capable of 15 miles per hour on the streets of Adelaide, South Australia. The boiler was a horizontal design of the semi flash type. Steering was by a tiller type design and a photograph of the vehicle shows it carrying eight passengers.
SimmondsUS1893A two seat steam carriage that ran on bicycle wheels.[23]
SimpsonEngland1897–1904A series of experimental vehicles made by John Simpson of Stirling.[22][85]
SquierUS1899A small steam carriage built by W E Squier of Virginia City.[22][28][86]
StanleyUS1897–1924
The twins Francis E Stanley and Freelan O Stanley produced their first car in 1897. During 1898 and 1899 they produced and sold over 200 cars and then sold rights to Locomobile. In 1902 they formed the Stanley Motor Carriage Company which operated from 1902 to 1924. The cars made by the company were colloquially called Stanley Steamers, although several different models were produced.[28] A Stanley Steamer set the world record for the fastest mile in an automobile (28.2 seconds) in 1906. The record for steam-powered automobiles was not broken until 2009.[87]
Stanley-Whitney (also called only Whitney)US1899See Whitney.[22]
StrathmoreUS1899–1902Two types of car were made by the Strathmore Automobile Company of Boston. The company was founded as the International Automobile Company but changed its name in 1901.[22][28][58]
SweanyUS1895Only a prototype was made by Charles S Caffrey Co for Dr F.L. Sweaney of Philadelphia. The car had four small steam motors, one driving each wheel, that could be driven individually or in combination. One, two, three or four wheel drive could be selected by moving a lever. The car weighed 1350 pounds. It had a foot brake that also cut off the steam and steam power steering.[22][88][89]
TerwilligerUS1898–1903A series of prototypes made by William H. Terwilliger prior to launching the Empire Auto Company of Amsterdam, New York in 1904.[22][28]
ThomsonAustralia1896–1901Herbert Thomson of Armadale, Melbourne, built steam cars around 1900. He tested them on the hill of Kooyong Road in nearby Caulfield, where in 1971 the Pritchard steam car was also tested.[22][90]
Tinker & PiperUS1898–1899See Waltham.
Toward & PhilipsonEngland1897A coke fire wagonette with a three stage tubular boiler, and that could seat six. It was made in a joint venture between Toward and Company engineers of St Lawrence and Atkinson and Philipson, Newcastle carriage manufacturers of Tyneside.[91]
VictorUS1899–1904In 1899 A H Overman of Chicopee Falls, a bicycle manufacturer, made a steam car called the Victor. Overman named his steam car after the bicycles he made. In 1901 Overman reorganized his company as The Overman Automobile Co and continued to produce the Victor Steam Carriage. About 50 were made by 1901. In 1904 Overman merged with Locomobile.[28][92]
WalthamUS1898–1903
In 1898 engineers George M Tinker and John W Piper of the Waltham Manufacturing Company build a light steam buggy. It was exhibited at the 1898 Boston Automobile Show in 1898. Two more steam cars were built under the Tinker and Piper name. In 1899 Tinker and Piper set up the Waltham Automobile Company which made steam cars until 1902 or 1903.[22][28]
WaverleyUS1896–1901 and 1909–1916Waverley Co of Indianapolis became International Motor Car Co in 1901 and revived in 1909.[77]
West & BurgettUS1899See Burgett and West.
WestonEngland1897–1905Rebadged Grout's sold in England under licence.

1900 to 1913 – Volume production

The early years of the 20th century, prior to World War I, were the heyday of the steam car.

MakeCountryYears activeComments
Albany-LamploughEngland1903Designed by Frederick Lamplough and better known as the Lamplough-Albany, it was only made in 1903. Albany also made petrol powered cars.[22]
AltmannGermany1905–1907The Altmann was an automobile made by Kraftfahrzeug-Werke GmbH, Brandenburg-Havel from 1905 to 1907. See also the American Aultman.[22]
AMCEngland1900–1910The Automobile Manufacturing Company (AMC) was a short-lived British steam car manufactured in London around 1900.[93] to 1910.
AndersonUS1901–1902Steam cars made by the Anderson Steam Carriage Company of Anderson.[22][94]
ArdenEngland1908Steam cars made by the Arden Steam Car Company, Halifax probably not produced commercially.[22]
ArtzbergerUS1903–1905See Foster.[22]
AultmanUS1901–1902The Aultman was a 1901 American automobile manufactured in Canton, Ohio.[22]
BallUS1902Miami Cycle and Manufacturing Company Middletown Ohio.[77]
BartonUS1903Barton Boiler Company Chicago, Illinois made steam cars to order.[77]
Binney & BurnhamUS1901–1902A steam automobile built in Boston from 1901 to 1902 by James L Binney and John Appleton Burnham.[28]
BlissUS1901A steam car made by the Bliss Chainless Automobile Company of Attenborough. The drive train was spur geared to the rear axle rather than chain drive.[22][95]
BolsoverEngland1902Only made a prototype. No production model made. Best known as makers of the Bolsover Express boiler, used for steam launches and as a replacement boiler for Stanley steam cars.[22][96]
Bon-CarEngland1905–1907No series production cars made.[22][96]
BossUS1903–1907A steam car made by the Boss Knitting Machine Works of Reading.[22][95]
BrechtUS1901–1903Steam-powered cars made by the Brecht Automobile Company of St Louis.[22][95]
BreerUS1900
A steam-powered car made by Carl Breer, an engineer who later went on to work for Chrysler and is credited with providing much of the aerodynamic design to the Chrysler Airflow.[95]
BuffardFrance1900–1902Details unknown—named in list of steam car makes.[22]
CaliforniaUS1903–1905Maker of steam, electric, and gasoline automobiles based in San Francisco.[22]
CampbellAustralia1901A steam car made by Archie M Campbell of Liverpool Street, Hobart.[97]
CannonUS1902–1906Details unknown—named in list of steam car makes.[22]
CapitolUS1902–1903A steam built by the Capitol Automobile Company of Washington DC and based on a Frank Goodwin model developed from experiments that commenced in 1889.[28][95]
CentralUS1905–1906A rotary steam engine powered vehicle made by the Central Automobile Company of Providence, Rhode Island.[95]
ChabocheFrance1901–1906
Chaboche made steam cars and a steam wagon with a 2.5 ton carrying capacity.[22][98]
ChautauquaUS1911A car made by the Chautauqua Motor Company, Dunkirk, New York.[22]
ChelmsfordEngland1901–1903The company exhibited two cars and a van at the 1903 motor show. They were made at the Moulsham Works in Chelmsford.[22][99] Chelmsford also built many steam buses.
ChicagoUS1905–1907A steam car made by the Chicago Automobile Company.[22][95]
CincinnatiUS1903–1905A two seat steam-powered car made by the Cincinnati Automobile Company of Ohia.[22][28][95]
ClarkUS1900–1909Advanced flash boiler steam cars made by Edward S Clark Steam Automobiles of Dorchester.[22][95]
CloughleyUS1902–1903A four seat steam-powered surrey made by the Coughley Motor Vehicle Company of Parsons.[28][95]
ConnorSwitzerland1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
ConradUS1900–1924A variety of 2 seat and 4 seat models plus a dos-a-dos.[22][28][100]
CookEngland1901–1902Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
CottaUS1901–1903A 4 wheel drive and steering steam car made by Charles Cotta's Cotta Automobile Company of Lanark, Illinois.[28][101]
CovertUS1901–1907B.V. Covert and Company was a manufacturer of automobiles in Lockport, New York from 1901 to 1907. The company started as a manufacturer of steam-powered cars, but later switched to gas-powered vehicles. Some Coverts were exported to England as Covert-Jacksons.[22]
CremorneEngland1903–1904A steam car made by the Cremorne Motor Manufacturing Company of Chelsea.[22][96]
CromptonUS1903–1905A steam car made by the Crompton Motor Carriage Company of Worcester.[22][28]
DawsonUS1900–1902A steam car made by George Dawson's Dawson Manufacturing Company at Waynesboro (then known as Basic City). Only one was completed and sold.[22][28][102]
DesberonUS1901–1904The Desberon was an American automobile manufactured from 1901 until 1904. The company initially built steam trucks, and later branched out into making 4 hp gas-driven "pleasure carriages" built along "French lines".[22]
DobleUS1906–1930
The first Doble was made from wrecked White with a Doble steam engine. Two more prototypes were made with production starting with the Model B. The most technically sophisticated of the steam car manufacturers. Even after they had been supplanted by petrol engines for use in automobiles, Abner Doble continued to sell his experience in designing water-tube boilers to railway locomotive manufacturers, such as Sentinel.[28]
EastmanUS1900–1903Henry Eastman and Jay Hayes formed the Eastman Automobile Company in Cleveland to make steam cars. At the end of 1900 Eastman and Hayes sold the company to the Benson Automobile Company.[28]
EclipseUS1900–1903Eclipse Automobile Company Boston.[77]
E.J.Y.REngland1907See Rutherford.
ElberonUS1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
ElectronomicUS1900–1901The Electromagnetic Steamer was manufactured by the Simplex Motor Vehicle Company. The company was incorporated in 1900, but made its first car in 1899.[22][58]
EliteUS1900–1901A model built by D B Smith and Company, Utica, New York.[28][100]
EmpireUS1901Built by Empire Manufacturing Company of Stirling, Illionois also known as the Stirling steam car.[22][100]
EmpireUS1904–1905A steam-driven car designed by William H Terwilliger of the Empire Auto Company of Amsterdam, New York. Several experimental models were made from 1898 but production only started in 1904.[28]
English MechanicEngland1900–1905
Do-it-yourself tricycle and steam car designed by Thomas Hyler White for The English Mechanic and World of Science magazine. He also designed petrol cars as the one shown to the photograph.[22]
EssexUS1905–1906A 4 cylinder steam car made by the Essex Motor Car Company of Boston.[22][28][58]
Fawcett-FowlerEngland1907–1909[61]
FederalUS1901–1903A steam car made by Federal Motor Vehicle Company of Brooklyn, New York.[22][28]
FideliaFrance1905–1906A steam car produced by Voitures Fidelia of Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France.[22]
FiltzFrance1901–1910Mostly commercial vehicles.[22]
FosterUS1900–1903
The Foster Automobile Manufacturing Company of Rochester, New York produced 165 vehicles before bankruptcy in 1903. One of the investors in the company William H. Artzberger, an artist of Allegheny acquired the rights, and founded the Artzberger Automobile Company. Re-launching the cars as improved Foster's in 1903. The company ceased auto production in 1905.[28][103]
FrazerEngland1911Possibly only a prototype made.[22][96]
FriedmannUS1900–1903A steam car made by the Friedmann Automobile Company of Chicago.[22]
GageUS1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
GenevaUS1901–1904The Geneva Steamer was made in 1901 by the Geneva Automobile and Manufacturing Company of Geneva, Ohio. One is on display at the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan. Geneva also made the Turtle, a racing car. In 1904 the company was sold to the Colonial Brass Co.[28]
HenriettaUS1901A steam car made by the Henrietta Motor Company of New York.[22]
HessUSNamed in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
HidleyUS1901Between one and four were made by the Hidley Automobile Company of 257 Broadway, Troy, New York.
HoffmanUS1902–1904A light steam car made by the Hoffman Automobile and Manufacturing Company at Cleveland, Ohio. From 1904 the company switched to petrol powered vehicles, the Royal Tourist.[28]
HollandUSNamed in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
HoodUS1900–1901Steam car made by Ralph Hood of Danvers associated with the Simplex Motor car company.[28][58]
HoughtonUS1900–1901A steam car made by H R Houghton's Houghton Automobile Company of West Newton.[22]
HowardUS1900–1902Steam cars built by the Howard Automobile Company of Trenton, New Jersey.[28]
HowardUS1901–1903A chainless steam car built by William S Howard's Trojan Launch and Automobile Works of Troy, New York.[104]
HudsonUS1901–1902A steam car designed by Howard Coffin and built by Bean-Chamberlain Manufacturing Company.[28][100]
HytheEngland1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
InternationalUS1903In Toledo became the International Motor Car Company for a time before becoming Pope Motor Car Company.[28]
JaxonUS1903–1904
Steam cars made by Jackson Automobile Company of Jackson, Michigan.[28]
JohnsonUS1905–1907Steam cars made by Professor Warren F Johnson's Johnson Service Company of Milwaukee until 1907 when the company switched to petrol powered vehicles. The company ceased business after Johnson died in 1912.[22][28]
KeeneUS1900–1901The Keen Steammobile was built by the Trinity Bicycle Company of Keene. In 1901 the company changed name to the Steammobile Company of America and the cars name also changed to Steammobile.[105]
KeeneletEngland1904Possibly only a prototype built by Keene's Automobile Works of London.[22][96][106]
KelloggUS1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
Kent's PacemakerUS1900An unusual steam car made by A.W. Kent's Colonial Company of Boston. It had a wheel for steering at the front and three rear wheels, one of which propelled the car while the other two could be lifted making it more like a motorbike.
KidderUS1900–1901Three styles of Kidder's were made including a delivery wagon.[28][107]
KingUS1904One-off steam automobile built for Gilbert M King.[38]
KnollerAustria1904-1910
Steam cars made by Max Friedmann of Vienna. Very few were made.
KraftUS1901A steam car made in St. Louis, Missouri.[22][28]
L'AutovapeurFrance1905–1906A Parisian steam car make powered by a Gardner-Serpollet engine.[22]
Lamplough-AlbanyEngland1903See Albany-Lamplough.
LaneUS1900Steam cars made by Lane Motor Vehicle Company of Poughkeepsie, New York.[22][100]
Liquid AirUS1901–1902Liquid Air Power and Automobile Company Boston.[77]
LockeUS1901See Puritan.[28]
LozierUS1901–1902A Lozier Motor Company prototype steam car. The production cars, commencing in 1905, had petrol engines only.[22]
LyonsUSNamed in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
MarylandUS1900–1901A steam car made by the Maryland Automobile Manufacturing company of Luke, Maryland.
MCCEngland1902–1904Motor Construction Company of Nottingham steam cars sold as Vapomobile.[22][79][108]
McCurdyUS1901Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
McKayUS1900–1902Renamed Stanley-Whitney. Steam buggy made by Frank Forrester Stanley's Stanley Manufacturing Company. Stanley's reverted to manufacturing shoes and in 1920 were taken over by the A.G. Walton Shoe Co.[22][28][58]
MeteorUS1902–1903The Reading steam cars were built by the Meteor Engineering Company from 1902 after the company acquired the Steam Vehicle Company of America.[28][109]
MillerUS1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
MillsUSNamed in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
MilwaukeeUS1900–1902A steam stanhope made by the Milwaukee Automobile Company.[28][100]
MoncriefUS1901–1902James A Moncrief of the Pawtucket Steamboat Company of Pawtucket, Rhode Island made a few steam cars.[28][38]
MorrissEngland1906–1912Only four cars were made at Sandringham. Only one survives.[22][96][110]
MorseUS1904–1909Made by the Morse Motor Vehicle Company of Springfield. In 1909 the company became the Easton Machine Company, which made a petrol powered vehicle under the Morse name.[22][28][111]
NeffCanada1901A steam buggy built by Benton Neff of Port Colborne and displayed at the Port Colborne Historical and Marine Museum.[112]
Neustadt-PerryUS1901–1903J.H. Neustadt and Perry was partnership. In 1904 Neustadt bought out Perry forming the Neustadt Automobile and Supply Company located in St Louis, Missouri. From 1904 it made petrol powered cars.[22][28][113]
New HomeUS1901See Grout.[22]
OphirUS1901Made by the Century Motor Vehicle Company of Syracuse, New York.[22]
OrmondUS1904–1905Made by United Motor and Vehicle Co of Boston.[22][28]
OverholtUS1909Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
OxfordUS1900–1904Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
ParidantBelgium1903–?Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
Parker-WearwellEngland1901Thomas Hugh Parker of Wearwell Motor Carriage Company, Wolverhampton made a steam car. Only one seems to have been made with Wearwell concentrating on petrol powered motor bikes.[22][114]
PawtucketUS1901–1902A single seat car made by the Pawtucket Steam Boat Company of Providence, Rhode Island.[22][28]
Pearson & CoxEngland1908–1916
Pearson and Cox were petrol and steam powered car makers from Shortlands, Kent.[115]
PhelpsUS1901Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
PierceUS1900The first car made by George N Pierce and Co was steam powered but a failure. They switched to petrol cars.[74]
PopeUS1903–1904The Pope Motor Car Company replaced the International Motor Car Company making Toledo's.[116]
PorterUS1900–1901Steam cars made by Porter Motor Company of Boston.[28][100]
PrescottUS1901–1907These steam cars were made by A L Prestcott's Prescott Automobile Manufacturing Company, 09 Chambers Street, New York. The company closed in 1907 after an employee stole most of its cash.[28][107]
PuritanUS1902–1903Albert Locke's Lock Regulator Company of Salem, Massachusetts built a four-passenger steam runabout named the Puritan.[22][28][117]
RamapaughUS1902Charles A Ball's Miami Cycle and Manufacturing Company decided to build automobiles in 1902. The name Ramapaugh came from an old Indian chief who lived near Ball in New York. Ball bought the first and only vehicle completed.[118]
RandallUS1902A steam carriage made by G N Randall.[22]
RandolphUSNamed in list of steam cars—details unknown.[28]
ReadingUS1900–1902A steam car made by Steam Vehicle Company of America, Reading. The company was sold to Meteor Engineering Co in 1902.[28][119]
ReidNew Zealand1903-1905Made three steam cars which used engines imported from the United States.
RexerFrance1905–1910See Weyher et Richemond.
RichmondUS1902–1903A steam car made by the Richmond Automobile Company of Richmond, Indiana.[28]
Riley & CowleyUS1902A steam car made in Brooklyn, New York.[22]
RochesterUS1900–1901A steam buggy made by Rochester Carriage Motor Company of Rochester, New York.[28]
RossUS1905–1909A steam car made by Louis S Ross of Newtonville.[28][100]
Rutherford (also known as E.J.Y.R.)England1907–1912The car was designed by EJY Rutherford and George Hamilton of the Highclere Motor Car Syndicate Ltd, and was first known by Rutherford's initials as the E.J.Y.R.[22]
SafetyUS1901Safety Steam Automobile Company Boston.[77]
SchirmerSwitzerland1903–1904Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
SeelyUS1900sA double engined steam car made by F.L. Seely. Only one is believed to have been built.[100]
ShatswellUS1901–1903A kit steam car sold by H K Shatswell and Co Dedham MA.[77]
SheppeeEngland1912A steam automobile made in York by Colonel F H Sheppee's Sheppee Motor Company. Only two cars were made, most production was flash steam powered commercial vehicles. The company still exists but no longer makes vehicles.[22]
Siemens-HalskeGermany1900–1905Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
SimonsUS1903Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
SimpsonIndia1903Samual John Green of Simpson & Co, Madras produced the first Indian steam car in 1903. They made very few as the company specialised in coachmade bodies for imported motor car chassis.[120][121]
SkeneUS1900–1901Steam cars made by Skene American Automobile Company of Springfield.[28][100]
SMEngland1904–1905A steam car that may never have got beyond prototype.[96]
SpringerUS1904–1906A steam car made by John H Springer's Springer Motor Vehicle Company of New York.[22][28]
SpringfieldUS1900–1904The Springfield Motor Car Company made a steam-powered van in 1901, but no details of a steam-powered car found.[22][28][122]
StammobileUS1902–1905A steam buggy made by the Stammobile Manufacturing Company of Stamford, Connecticut.[22]
StandardUS1902–1905Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
StantonUS1901Stanton Manufacturing Co acquired the New England steam car business in 1901. They continued to make the cars with some improvements but ceased business the same year.[22][28]
SteamobileUS1901–1902The renamed Keene. In 1902 the factory closed because of over-production.[22][28][105]
StearnsUS1900–1904
E.C. Stearns of Syracuse, New York owned a huge automobile parts supply store and as owner of the Stearns Automobile Co made Stearns Steam Carriages. He made the automobile company a subsidiary of E J Pennington's Anglo-American Rapid Transit Co which drained money from Stearns company making it went bankrupt.[28][105]
SterlingUS1901–1902See Empire.[28]
StesrocEngland1905–1906A steam car made by Johnson Brothers of Knaresborough, Yorkshire.[22]
StolzHungary1911–1915Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
StorckUS1901–1903Steam cars made by Frank C Storck of Red Bank, New Jersey.[22][28][100]
StringerUS1901Prototype only made by Stringer Automobile Company of Marion, Ohio.[22][28]
StrouseUS1915Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
SunsetUS1901–1904A steam car made by Dorville Libby Junior's Sunset Automobile Company of San Francisco until they switched to petrol engines.[28]
TauntonUS1901–1904A steam runabout built by Everitt Cameron. Cameron went on to build petrol powered cars under his name.[22][28]
ThompsonUS1900–1902Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28] There was a Thompson Automobile Company of Providence Rhode Island that made a six-passenger steam car in 1906[77]
ToledoUS1901–1903
A steam car first made in September 1900 by the American Bicycle Company of Toledo, later by the International Motor Car Company and then by Pope in 1903. Production ceased in 1903 and Pope contracted the Manhattan Supply Company to dispose of the remaining cars. The last were sold in 1904 at below cost.[28]
TractobileUS1900–1902
The Tractobile was built by E.J. Pennington's company of Carlisle between 1900–1902. While a car with that name could be ordered it was more an engine and wheels on a removable frame that could be attached to a carriage instead of horses. Very few were built.[22][28][105]
TrinityUS1900Possibly a name for Keene's as they were made by the Trinity Cycle Manufacturing Company.[22][28]
TriumphUS1900Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22]
Turner-MiesseEngland1902–1913Miesse's from Belgium built under licence in England.[22][79][123]
TwomblyUS1904, 1910The first of Williard Twombly's three attempts to make a car. The steamer was too expensive to produce so he turned to petrol. This to proved two expensive. His 1910 version had a quick replacement engine and a body that could be changed. Unfortunately Twombly could not raise funds to manufacture the car. He tried again in 1914 with a petrol powered cyclecar, but this suffered the same fate.[23][28]
VapomobileEngland1902–1904See MCC.[22][79]
XanderUS1901–1902The Xander automobile company was founded in 1901 by John G. Xander in Reading, Pennsylvania. His first cars were steam, then gasoline engines were used. He only built his car custom order. In 1902, he stopped.
WarfieldEngland1903Possibly only a prototype.[22][96]
WatchUS1903A steam car made by Watch City Automobile Company of Waltham, Massachusetts.[22]
WattUS1901Named in list of steam cars—details unknown.[22][28]
Webb-JayUS1908Racing specials largely of White Motor Company origin.[22][28]
WeidknechtFrance1911Weidknecht built a steam bus in 1911.
WestfieldUS1902–1903Steam cars made by C J Moore Manufacturing Company of Westfield.[28][100]
Weyher et RichemondFrance1905–1910Steam cars made by Automobiles Weyher et Richmond of Pantin, Seine. Probably no private cars built after 1907. Also known as Rexer.[22]
WhiteUS1900–1911
The White Motor Company was an American automobile and truck manufacturer from 1900 until 1980. The company also produced bicycles, roller skates, automatic lathes, and sewing machines. Before World War II, the company was based in Cleveland, Ohio. From 1900 to 1911 White produced steam-powered cars before switching to gasoline.[22][28]
WoodUS1902–1903A steam car made by the Wood Vapor Vehicle Company of Brooklyn, New York.[28]
Wood-LocoUS1901–1902A steam car made by Wood-Loco Vehicle Company of Cohoes, New York.[22]

1914 to 1939 – Decline

The steam cars of this era up until the 1930s were the last steam-powered production cars. The power advantages that steam had possessed were overtaken by the improvements to the petrol powered internal combustion engines.

MakeCountryYears activeComments
AlenaUS1922The Alena Steam Products Company of Indianapolis, Indiana began making steam trucks in 1920.[124] The Alena Steam Car was an American car planned for manufacture in 1922. Only two cars were built both touring models, each had a wheelbase of 126 inches (3,200 mm). The company went into receivership and closed in 1923.[125]
AmericanUS1924–1948The American Steam Cars were production cars of various makes retrofitted with steam engines of the American Steam Automobile Co, West Newton, Massachusetts, from 1924 to 1948. It was built by Thomas S. Derr, a former faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[28] Among the cars made was the Leslie steam car of the late 1930s to early 1940s.[126]
American SteamerUS1922–1924Steam cars manufactured by the American Steam Truck Co. of Elgin, Illinois.[22]
BakerUS1917–1924Steam cars made by Dr Hartley O Baker's Baker Steam Motor Car and Manufacturing Company of Pueblo and Denver, Colorado.[22]
BarlowUS1922Steam cars made by L P Barlow's Barlow Steam Car Company - also known as Barlow Steam Engineering Company, the Barlow-Detroit, and the Barlow Steam Engineering Syndicate.[22]
BrooksCanada1923–1926A Detroit steam car made by Brooks Steam Motors Limited.[22]
BryanUS1918–1923Steam cars made by Bryan Steam Motors of Peru, Indiana. Only six were built.[22][95]
ClermontUS1922A short lived steam car company.[22][28][127]
CoatsUS1922–1923
Steam cars made by Coats Steam Car Company of Chicago, later models called Stewart-Coats.[28][100]
CrosslandUS1922–1923Designed by Harry Crossland Pfaff, the 2 cylinder Crossland of the Crossland Steam Motive Corporation debuted at the January 1923 Chicago Automobile Show. It was financed Edwin Galt Brookfield. Four are thought to have been built with only one, a 1923 Crossland Phaeton, known to have survived.[128]
Davis Steam MotorsUS1921The Davis Steam Motors Inc of Detroit may have built a steam car. The company was formed in March 1921 by Merrill Davis, E M Bliss, A B Eggert and F D Sieberg.
DellingUS1923–1927A steam car developed by Eric H. Delling of the Delling Steam Motor Company West Collingwood, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[22][28]
DerrUS1926–1931 (possibly as late as 1935)See American.[22]
DetroitUS1922The Detroit Steam Motors Corporation of Detroit made steam cars called Trask-Detroits in 1922. The company became Brooks Steam Motors maker of the Brook steam car.[28]
EnduranceUS1924–1925A steam car built by the Endurance Steam Car Company of Los Angeles, California and later Dayton, Ohio.[22][28]
GearlessUS1921–1923Made by Peterson-Culp Gearless Steam Automobile Company, Denver, Colorado.[28]
HLBEngland1914Possibly only a prototype made by HLB Motors of Islington Green, London.[61][96][22]
LutzUS1917Proposed car by Lutz Motor Co Buffalo New York.[77]
MacDonaldUS1923–1924Steam cars made by MacDonald Steam Automotive Group of Garfield, Ohio.[22][28][100]
Marion-HandleyUS1916–1919Mutual Motors Company, Jackson MI.[77]
MercuryUS1923Steam car made by the Mercury Steam Car Corporation of San Francisco.[28]
Remal-VincentUS1923A steam car made by the Steam Car Corporation of California based in San Francisco.[22][28]
Scott-NewcombUS1921–1922See Standard.[28]
StandardUS1920–1921
Manufactured by the Standard Engineering Company of St Louis, Missouri from 1920 until 1921. Also known as the Scott-Newcomb.[28]
Stewart-CoatsUS1923See Coats.[28]
Super-SteamerUS1918–1919See Gearless.[28]
Trask-DetroitUS1922–1923See Detroit.[22]
WindsorUS1922–1923See Detroit.[77]

1940 to date – Renewed interest

Makes in this era are generally prototypes or experimental.

MakeCountryYears activeComments
AerojetUS1972
Aerojet Liquid Rocket Company of Sacramento were contracted by the Californian Assembly to develop a steam-powered car. Aerojet retrofitted a steam turbine into a Chevrolet Vega.[129]
Arbel SymétricFrance1958First French nuclear concept car was to be possibly powered by a steam engine driven by steam from a nuclear reactor.
Autocoast VaporizerUS1969A retrofitted Indy Car by Ernest Kanzler which was to attempt to set a new steam car speed record driven by Skip Hedrick at Bonneville on 19 October 1969.[130]
BeslerUS1956-57
1953 Kaiser Manhattan
Project for Henry Kaiser to install a steam engine in a Kaiser Manhattan.
CrankUS1977See Steamin' Demon.
DetrickUS1957Forrest R Detrick's S-101 prototype.
DutcherUS1972
Steam Power Systems of San Diego were contracted by the Californian Assembly to develop a steam-powered car. They build the Dutcher, a car named after the company's founder, Cornelius Dutcher. It is on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.[129]
EnginionGermany1996An R&D subsidiary of the Volkswagen group developing a system called ZEE (Zero Emissions Engine). It produced steam almost instantly without an open flame.
Ford FX AtmosUS1954A concept car which was envisaged possibly having a steam engine using steam from a nuclear reactor.[131]
Ford MystereUS1955Was to be world's first nuclear powered concept car. Never went past model stage. Was to use a steam engine powered by steam from a nuclear reactor.
Ford NucleonUS1958Was to be world's second nuclear powered concept car. Never went past model stage. Was to use a steam engine powered by steam from a nuclear reactor.
Ford Seattle-ite XXIUS1962Concept car demonstrated at 1962 Worlds Fair in Seattle never went past concept stage. Was to use nuclear powered steam engine as auxiliary source of power.
General MotorsUS1969Two experimental steam-powered cars. The SE 124 based on a converted Chevrolet Chevelle and the SE 101 based on the Pontiac Grand Prix.
HealeyEngland1970Donald Healey decided to make a basic steam car technology more in line with Stanley or Doble and aimed at enthusiasts.[132]
InspirationEngland2009
The British Steam Car Challenge broke the record for a steam vehicle, setting a new speed record of 238.679 km/h (148.308 mph).[133]
KeenUS1940–1973Completed two experimental cars and was constructing a third at the time of his death.
KineticsUS1970A variant of the steam engine made by Wallace L. Minto of Kinetics Corporation, using Ucon U-113 fluorocarbon as the working fluid instead of gasoline, kerosene and steam or the like as a fuel. The first vehicle was a Volkswagen Microbus fitted with a Stanley Steamer engine using U-113 instead of water. The second was a Datsun Bluebird 510 stationwagon.[134] He followed that in 1973 with a Freon powered Nissan 520 light truck.[135]
LearUS1969A retrofited Chevrolet Monte Carlo and an Indy Car prototype.
LikamobileUS2005–?
A steam-powered replica of the Locomobile Style 2 (1900–1901) that is made in kit-form by Modelworks.[136]
Loco HaukUS2016Heavily modified steam powered jeep.
PaxtonUS1953–1954
A prototype called the Phoenix was created by the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles, incorporating Abner Doble's Doble Ultimax engine.[137] The project was eventually dropped in 1954.[138]
PetersonStanley steam-powered.
PellandineAustralia1970s-2012
Peter Pellandine conducted experiments with a steam car for the South Australian government. He made an attempt on the steam speed record in 1976 and continued his interest in developing steam-powered cars until his death in 2012.
PritchardAustralia1972
Edward Pritchard created a steam-powered 1963 model Ford Falcon in 1972.
RanotorSweden2000sAfter leaving Saab, Dr Ove Platell started a company Ranotor with his son Peter Platell to develop a steam hybrid that uses the exhaust heat from an ordinary petrol engine to power a small steam engine to reduce fuel consumption.
SaabSweden1974A project codenamed ULF headed by Dr Ove Platell made a prototype steam-powered car. After Saab dropped the project Platell started his own project. See Ranotor.
Simca FulgurFrance1958Second French nuclear concept car was to be possibly powered by a steam engine driven by steam from a nuclear reactor.
Steam Speed AmericaUS2014A speed record attempt car by Chuk Williams of Team Speed America. It crashed on its first run after reaching 147 mph.
Steamin' DemonUS1985Barber-Nichols Engineering of Denver used a steam turbine they had designed for Lear and the Los Angeles city bus program to attempt to gain the steam-powered land speed record. It reached 145.607 but only completed one pass due to a fire. The cars body was a Fiberfab Aztec 7 and had originally been completed by James Crank for his 1977 steam record attempt.[139]
Studebaker-Packard AstralUS1957Was Studebaker-Packard's answer to the Ford Nuclear Concept Cars. This too possibly could have used a steam engine powered by steam from a reactor.
WilliamsUS1957–1968Calvin C William's Williams Engine Company Incorporated of Ambler began advertising steam car retrofits or complete cars in 1957. At least one original car was built, using a Victress S4 body. They were offering a steam converted Chevrolet Chevelle for $10,250. Nine were ordered along with a Ford Fairlane from the Ford Motor Company. Cost of components delayed the project causing the Williams to close in 1968.

See also

References

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