Llŷn Peninsula

The name Llŷn is also sometimes spelled Lleyn, although this spelling is now less common and is generally considered to be an anglicisation. The name is thought to be of Irish origin, and to have the same root – Laigin (Laighin) in Irish – as the word Leinster and which also occurs in Porth Dinllaen on the north coast.[2]

Following the death of Owain Whitetooth (Ddantgwyn), king of Gwynedd, Owain's son Saint Einion seems to have ruled Llŷn as a kingdom separate from his brother Cuneglas' kingdom in Rhos. He is credited with having sponsored Saint Cadfan's monastery on Bardsey Island, which became a major centre of pilgrimage during medieval times. There are numerous wells throughout the peninsula, many dating back to the pre-Christian era. Many have holy connotations and they were important stops for pilgrims heading to the island.

The most rural parts are characterised by small houses, cottages and individual farms, resembling parts of south west Ireland. There are small compact villages, built of traditional materials. The only large-scale industrial activities were quarrying and mining, which have now largely ceased. The granite quarries of northern Llŷn have left a legacy of inclines and export docks, and were the reason for the growth of villages such as Llithfaen and Trefor. Copper, zinc and lead were mined around Llanengan, while 196,770 long tons (199,930 t) of manganese were produced at Y Rhiw between 1894 and 1945. The Penrhyn Dû mines have also been extensively mined since the seventeenth century around Abersoch. Shipbuilding was important at Nefyn, Aberdaron, Abersoch and Llanaelhaearn, although the industry collapsed after the introduction of steel ships from 1880. Nefyn was also an important herring port, and most coastal communities fished for crab and lobster.

Farming was originally simple and organic, but underwent major changes after the Second World War as machines came into widespread use. Land was drained and fields expanded and reseeded. From the 1950s onwards, extensive use was made of artificial fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, leading to drastic changes in the appearance of the landscape.

Tourism developed after the railway to Pwllheli was built in 1867. The town expanded rapidly, with several large houses and hotels constructed, and a tramway was built linking the town to Llanbedrog. After the Second World War, Butlins established a holiday camp at Penychain, which attracted visitors from the industrial cities of North West England and the West Midlands. As car ownership increased, the tourist industry spread to the countryside and to coastal villages such as Aberdaron, Abersoch, Llanbedrog and Nefyn, where many families supplemented their income by letting out rooms and houses.[3]

Pwllheli was the administrative centre of Llŷn for over 700 years. It was a royal maerdref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and became a free borough following the English conquest. In the 18th and 19th centuries over 400 ships were built there.[4]

Llŷn is an extensive plateau dominated by numerous volcanic hills and mountains. The largest of these is Yr Eifl, although Garn Boduan, Garn Fadrun and Mynydd Rhiw are also distinctive. Large stretches of the northern coast consist of steep cliffs and rugged rocks with offshore islands and stacks, while there are more extensive sandy beaches on the southern coast, such as Porth Neigwl and Castellmarch Beach. North of Abersoch a series of sand dunes have developed. The landscape is divided into a patchwork of fields, with the traditional field boundaries, stone walls, hedgerows and cloddiau, a prominent feature.

A Lleyn ewe

The peninsula is the original home of the Lleyn breed of sheep. This is a hardy and prolific breed that has become much more prominent over the last 20 years due to its excellent prolificacy and mothering ability. The sheep are white-faced; on average, ewes weigh about 70 kilograms (150 lb) and rams 90 kilograms (200 lb).

Until at least the 1960s a number of Welsh monoglots still lived in the Llŷn Peninsula.[7] However, before 2001 there had been a decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd, which includes the Llŷn Peninsula.[8] According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20.5 per cent of a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh. The 2001 Census also showed that 73.1% of the population of Llŷn could speak Welsh. Additionally, 28 per cent of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1 per cent in 1991 to 68.7 per cent in 2001.[8] By 2003 however, a survey of schools showed that just over 94 per cent of children between the ages of 3 and 15 were able to speak Welsh, making Llŷn one of the foremost heartlands of the language, although, as in the rest of north west Wales, many people are concerned that the influx of English speakers is damaging the standing of Welsh and threatening its future as a living community language in the area.[9] The Welsh Language and Heritage Centre of Nant Gwrtheyrn is situated on the north coast.

The whole of Llŷn is governed by Cyngor Gwynedd, a unitary authority established in 1996. The area had traditionally formed part of Caernarfonshire, for which an elected county council had been formed in 1889. Caernarfonshire was abolished in 1974 and incorporated into the new county of Gwynedd, which became a unitary authority under the 1996 reorganisation.[18]

Llŷn Rural District, based in Pwllheli, was created under the Local Government Act 1894 from the area of Pwllheli Rural Sanitary District. At the time it covered 91,449 acres (370.08 km²) and consisted of 30 civil parishes, although the number was subsequently reduced. At the 1901 census it had a population of 16,816. Under a County Review Order in 1934, 18 parishes were abolished with their areas distributed among other parishes; a new parish of Buan was formed by the merger of Ceidio and Llanfihangel Bachellaeth; and the parish of Dolbenmaen was transferred from Glaslyn Rural District. Five years later, in 1939, Edern was abolished and incorporated into Nefyn.[19] The rural district was abolished in 1974, with its area being included in the Dwyfor District of Gwynedd, which was itself abolished in 1996, when Gwynedd became a unitary authority. At the time of abolition, the rural district covered 114,232 acres (462.28 km²) and had a population at the 1971 census of 15,190.[19]

Pwllheli Municipal Borough was the successor to a free borough which was granted a charter by Edward, the Black Prince in 1355. The corporation was abolished by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and replaced by an elected council, which existed until Pwllheli was included in Dwyfor in 1974, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.[20] At the 1841 census Pwllheli had a population of 2,367.[21] By the time of abolition the borough covered 1,211 acres (4.90 km²) and had a population at the 1961 census of 3,647.[22]

Criccieth Urban District was created under the Local Government Act 1894,[23] and covered the area of the former borough, which had been abolished in 1886 by the Municipal Corporations Act 1883.[24] The borough charter had been granted by Edward I in 1284.[25] The urban district covered 472 acres (1.91 km²) and at the 1901 census had a population of 1,406.[26] By the time of abolition and incorporation into Dwyfor in 1974, it covered 1,721 acres (6.96 km²), and had a population at the 1961 census of 1,672.[23]

List of ancient parishes

Image	Name	Period	Population 1961	Community	Refs
	Aberdaron	1894 1974	1,161	Aberdaron	[27]
	Abererch	1894 1934		Llannor	[28]
	Bardsey Island	1894 1974	17	Aberdaron	[29]
	Bodferin	1894 1934		Aberdaron	[30]
	Botwnnog	1894 1974	1,176	Botwnnog	[31]
	Bryncroes	1894 1934		Aberdaron Botwnnog	[32]
	Buan	1934 1974	619	Buan	[33]
	Carnguwch	1894 1934		Pistyll	[34]
	Ceidio	1894 1934		Buan	[35]
	Criccieth Urban District	1894 1974	1,672	Criccieth	[23]
	Dolbenmaen	1934 1974	1,447	Dolbenmaen	[36]
	Edern	1894 1939		Nefyn	[37]
	Llanaelhaearn	1894 1974	1,242	Llanaelhaearn	[38]
	Llanarmon	1894 1934		Llanystumdwy	[39]
	Llanbedrog	1894 1974	883	Llanbedrog	[40]
	Llandegwning	1894 1934		Botwnnog	[41]
	Llandudwen	1894 1934		Buan Tudweiliog	[42]
	Llanengan	1894 1974	2,116	Llanengan	[43]
	Llanfaelrhys	1894 1934		Aberdaron	[44]
	Llanfihangel Bachellaeth	1894 1934		Buan	[45]
	Llangian	1894 1934		Botwnnog Llanengan	[46]
	Llangwnnadl	1894 1934		Aberdaron Tudweiliog	[47]
	Llangybi	1894 1934		Llannor Llanystumdwy	[48]
	Llaniestyn	1894 1934		Botwnnog Tudweiliog	[49]
	Llannor	1894 1974	2,039	Llannor	[50]
	Llanystumdwy	1894 1974	2,056	Llanystumdwy	[51]
	Mellteyrn	1894 1934		Botwnnog Tudweiliog	[52]
	Nefyn	1894 1974	2,164	Nefyn	[53]
	Penllech	1894 1934		Tudweiliog	[54]
	Penllyn	1894 1934		Criccieth Llanystumdwy	[55]
	Penrhos	1894 1934		Llannor	[56]
	Pistyll	1894 1974	599	Pistyll	[57]
	Pwllheli Municipal Borough	1835 1974	3,647	Pwllheli	[22]
	Tudweiliog	1894 1974	1,003	Tudweiliog	[58]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Llŷn Peninsula.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Llŷn.

• Penllyn.com - Information sites for the communities of Llŷn
• Llyn.info - Your online guide to the Llŷn Peninsula
• Wales Coast Path: Llŷn Peninsula
• Old postcard views and aerial views of the area