Lorentz–Heaviside units

As in the Gaussian units, the Heaviside–Lorentz units (HLU in this article) use the length–mass–time dimensions. This means that all of the electric and magnetic units are expressible in terms of the base units of length, time and mass.

Coulomb's equation, used to define charge in these systems, is F = q^G
₁q^G
₂/r² in the Gaussian system, and F = q^LH
₁q^LH
₂/4πr² in the HLU. The unit of charge then connects to 1 dyn⋅cm² = 1 esu² = 4π hlu. The HLU quantity q^LH describing a charge is then √4π larger than the corresponding Gaussian quantity (see below), and the rest follows.

When dimensional analysis for SI units is used, including ε₀ and μ₀ are used to convert units, the result gives the conversion to and from the Heaviside–Lorentz units. For example, charge is √ε₀L³MT⁻². When one puts ε₀ = 8.854 pF/m, L = 0.01 m, M = 0.001 kg, and T = 1 second, this evaluates as 9.409669×10⁻¹¹ C. This is the size of the HLU unit of charge.

With Lorentz–Heaviside units, Maxwell's equations in free space with sources take the following form:

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\rho ^{\textsf {LH}}}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}=0}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B^{\textsf {LH}}} }{\partial t}}}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$

where c is the speed of light in vacuum. Here E^LH = D^LH is the electric field, H^LH = B^LH is the magnetic field, ρ^LH is charge density, and J^LH is current density.

The Lorentz force equation is:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q^{\textsf {LH}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}+{\frac {\mathbf {v} }{c}}\times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)\,}$

here q^LH is the charge of a test particle with vector velocity v and F is the combined electric and magnetic force acting on that test particle.

In both the Gaussian and Heaviside–Lorentz systems, the electrical and magnetic units are derived from the mechanical systems. Charge is defined through Coulomb's equation, with ε = 1. In the Gaussian system, Coulomb's equation is F = q^G
₁q^G
₂/r². In the Lorentz–Heaviside system, F = q^LH
₁q^LH
₂/4πr². From this, one sees that q^G
₁q^G
₂ = q^LH
₁q^LH
₂/4π, that the Gaussian charge quantities are smaller than the corresponding Lorentz–Heaviside quantities by a factor of √4π. Other quantities are related as follows.

${\displaystyle q^{\textsf {LH}}\ =\ {\sqrt {4\pi }}\ q^{\textsf {G}}}$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}\ =\ {\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}} \over {\sqrt {4\pi }}}}$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}\ =\ {\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}} \over {\sqrt {4\pi }}}}$.

This section has a list of the basic formulae of electromagnetism, given in Lorentz–Heaviside, Gaussian and SI units. Most symbol names are not given; for complete explanations and definitions, please click to the appropriate dedicated article for each equation.

Maxwell's equations

Main article: Maxwell's equations

Here are Maxwell's equations, both in macroscopic and microscopic forms. Only the "differential form" of the equations is given, not the "integral form"; to get the integral forms apply the divergence theorem or the Kelvin–Stokes theorem.

Name	SI quantities	Lorentz–Heaviside quantities	Gaussian quantities
Gauss's law (macroscopic)	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}=4\pi \rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {G}}}$
Gauss's law (microscopic)	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}/\epsilon _{0}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\rho ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=4\pi \rho ^{\textsf {G}}}$
Gauss's law for magnetism:	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=0}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}=0}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}=0}$
Maxwell–Faraday equation (Faraday's law of induction):	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}$
Ampère–Maxwell equation (macroscopic):	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {SI}}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {LH}}={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {LH}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {LH}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}$
Ampère–Maxwell equation (microscopic):	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {SI}}+{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {LH}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}$

Other basic laws

Name	SI quantities	Lorentz–Heaviside quantities	Gaussian quantities
Lorentz force	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
Coulomb's law	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {SI}}q_{2}^{\textsf {SI}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {1}{4\pi }}{\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {LH}}q_{2}^{\textsf {LH}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {G}}q_{2}^{\textsf {G}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$
Electric field of stationary point charge	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q^{\textsf {SI}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}={\frac {1}{4\pi }}{\frac {q^{\textsf {LH}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {q^{\textsf {G}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }$
Biot–Savart law	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {SI}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}={\frac {1}{4\pi c}}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {LH}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {1}{c}}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {G}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}$

Dielectric and magnetic materials

Below are the expressions for the various fields in a dielectric medium. It is assumed here for simplicity that the medium is homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and nondispersive, so that the permittivity is a simple constant.

SI quantities	Lorentz–Heaviside quantities	Gaussian quantities
${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\epsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}+\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}+4\pi \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}\epsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {LH}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\epsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\epsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}=\epsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}/\epsilon _{0}=1+\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {LH}}=1+\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {G}}=1+4\pi \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}}$

where

• the superscript (^SI, ^LH, ^G) indicates in which system the quantity is defined
• E and D are the electric field and displacement field, respectively;
• P is the polarization density;
• ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ is the permittivity;
• ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}$ is the permittivity of vacuum (used in the SI system, but meaningless in the Gaussian and Lorentz–Heaviside systems);
• ${\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}}$ is the electric susceptibility

The quantities ${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}/\epsilon _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {LH}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \epsilon ^{\textsf {G}}}$ are dimensionless, and they have the same numeric value. By contrast, the electric susceptibility ${\displaystyle \chi _{e}}$ is dimensionless in all the systems, but has different numeric values for the same material:

${\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {LH}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}}$

Next, here are the expressions for the various fields in a magnetic medium. Again, it is assumed that the medium is homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and nondispersive, so that the permeability can be expressed as a scalar constant.

SI quantities	Lorentz–Heaviside quantities	Gaussian quantities
${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mu _{0}(\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}})}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {LH}}+\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}=\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}+4\pi \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {LH}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mu ^{\textsf {SI}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\mu ^{\textsf {LH}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}=\mu ^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {SI}}/\mu _{0}=1+\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {LH}}=1+\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {G}}=1+4\pi \chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}}$

where

• the superscript (^LH, ^G, ^SI) indicates in which system the quantity is defined
• B and H are the magnetic fields
• M is the magnetization
• ${\displaystyle \mu }$ is the magnetic permeability
• ${\displaystyle \mu _{0}}$is the permeability of vacuum (used in the SI system, but meaningless in the Gaussian and Lorentz–Heaviside systems);
• ${\displaystyle \chi _{\text{m}}}$ is the magnetic susceptibility

The quantities ${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {SI}}/\mu _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {LH}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {G}}}$ are dimensionless, and they have the same numeric value. By contrast, the magnetic susceptibility ${\displaystyle \chi _{\text{m}}}$ is dimensionless in all the systems, but has different numeric values for the same material:

${\displaystyle \chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {LH}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}}$

Vector and scalar potentials

Main articles: Magnetic vector potential and Electric potential

The electric and magnetic fields can be written in terms of a vector potential A and a scalar potential ${\displaystyle \phi }$:

Name	SI quantities	Lorentz–Heaviside quantities	Gaussian quantities
Electric field (static)	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {G}}}$
Electric field (general)	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {SI}}-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {LH}}-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {LH}}}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=-\nabla \phi ^{\textsf {G}}-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}$
Magnetic B field	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {G}}}$

To convert any expression or formula between SI, Lorentz–Heaviside or Gaussian systems, the corresponding quantities shown in the table below can be directly equated and hence substituted. This will reproduce any of the specific formulas given in the list above, such as Maxwell's equations.

As an example, starting with the equation

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}/\epsilon _{0},}$

and the equations from the table

${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}\ \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}}\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho ^{\textsf {LH}},}$

moving the factor across in the latter identities and substituting, the result is

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)=\left({\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}\rho ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)/\epsilon _{0},}$

which then simplifies to

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}}=\rho ^{\textsf {LH}}.}$

Name	SI units	Lorentz–Heaviside units	Gaussian units
electric field, electric potential	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}},\varphi ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {LH}},\varphi ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}},\varphi ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
electric displacement field	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
electric charge, electric charge density, electric current, electric current density, polarization density, electric dipole moment	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}}}}\left(q^{\textsf {SI}},\rho ^{\textsf {SI}},I^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(q^{\textsf {LH}},\rho ^{\textsf {LH}},I^{\textsf {LH}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {LH}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {LH}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {4\pi }}\left(q^{\textsf {G}},\rho ^{\textsf {G}},I^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
magnetic B field, magnetic flux, magnetic vector potential	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {LH}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {LH}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
magnetic H field	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}\ \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {LH}}}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}}$
magnetic moment, magnetization	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}\left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {LH}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {4\pi }}\left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
relative permittivity, relative permeability	${\displaystyle \left({\frac {\epsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\epsilon _{0}}},{\frac {\mu ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\mu _{0}}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\epsilon ^{\textsf {LH}},\mu ^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\epsilon ^{\textsf {G}},\mu ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
electric susceptibility, magnetic susceptibility	${\displaystyle \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {LH}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle 4\pi \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
conductivity, conductance, capacitance	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\left(\sigma ^{\textsf {SI}},S^{\textsf {SI}},C^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\sigma ^{\textsf {LH}},S^{\textsf {LH}},C^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle 4\pi \left(\sigma ^{\textsf {G}},S^{\textsf {G}},C^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$
resistivity, resistance, inductance	${\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}\left(\rho ^{\textsf {SI}},R^{\textsf {SI}},L^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\rho ^{\textsf {LH}},R^{\textsf {LH}},L^{\textsf {LH}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi }}\left(\rho ^{\textsf {G}},R^{\textsf {G}},L^{\textsf {G}}\right)}$

When one takes standard SI textbook equations, and sets ε₀ = µ₀ = c = 1 to get natural units, the resulting equations follow the Heaviside–Lorentz formulation and sizes. The conversion requires no changes to the factor 4π, unlike for the Gaussian equations. Coulomb's inverse-square law equation in SI is F = q₁q₂/4πε₀r². Set ε₀ = 1 to get the HLU form: F = q₁q₂/4πr². The Gaussian form does not have the 4π in the denominator.

By setting c = 1 with HLU, Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz equation become the same as the SI example with ε₀ = µ₀ = c = 1.

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =\rho \,}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0\,}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}\,}$

${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}+\mathbf {J} \,}$

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )\,}$

Because these equations can be easily related to SI work, rationalized systems are becoming more fashionable.

Lorentz–Heaviside Planck units

Setting ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}=\mu _{0}=c=\hbar =k_{\text{B}}=4\pi G=1}$ yields the Lorentz–Heaviside Planck units, or rationalized Planck units. The mass scale is chosen such that the gravitational constant is ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi }}}$, equal to the Coulomb constant. (By constrast, Gaussian Planck units set ${\displaystyle 4\pi \epsilon _{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}=c=\hbar =k_{\text{B}}=G=1}$.)

Key equations of physics in Lorentz-Heaviside Planck units (rationalized Planck units)

	SI form	Nondimensionalized form
Mass–energy equivalence in special relativity	${\displaystyle {E=mc^{2}}\ }$	${\displaystyle {E=m}\ }$
Energy–momentum relation	${\displaystyle E^{2}=m^{2}c^{4}+p^{2}c^{2}\;}$	${\displaystyle E^{2}=m^{2}+p^{2}\;}$
Ideal gas law	${\displaystyle PV=nRT=Nk_{\text{B}}T}$	${\displaystyle PV=NT}$
Thermal energy per particle per degree of freedom	${\displaystyle {E={\tfrac {1}{2}}k_{\text{B}}T}\ }$	${\displaystyle {E={\tfrac {1}{2}}T}\ }$
Boltzmann's entropy formula	${\displaystyle {S=k_{\text{B}}\ln \Omega }\ }$	${\displaystyle {S=\ln \Omega }\ }$
Planck–Einstein relation for angular frequency	${\displaystyle {E=\hbar \omega }\ }$	${\displaystyle {E=\omega }\ }$
Planck's law for black body at temperature T	${\displaystyle I(\omega ,T)={\frac {\hbar \omega ^{3}}{4\pi ^{3}c^{2}}}~{\frac {1}{e^{\frac {\hbar \omega }{k_{\text{B}}T}}-1}}}$	${\displaystyle I(\omega ,T)={\frac {\omega ^{3}}{4\pi ^{3}}}~{\frac {1}{e^{\omega /T}-1}}}$
Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ defined	${\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {\pi ^{2}k_{\text{B}}^{4}}{60\hbar ^{3}c^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle \ \sigma ={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{60}}}$
Schrödinger's equation	${\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)+V(\mathbf {r} ,t)\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=i\hbar {\frac {\partial \psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}{\partial t}}}$	${\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)+V(\mathbf {r} ,t)\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=i{\frac {\partial \psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}{\partial t}}}$
Hamiltonian form of Schrödinger's equation	${\displaystyle H\left|\psi _{t}\right\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left|\psi _{t}\right\rangle }$	${\displaystyle H\left|\psi _{t}\right\rangle =i{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left|\psi _{t}\right\rangle }$
Covariant form of the Dirac equation	${\displaystyle \ (i\hbar \gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }-mc)\psi =0}$	${\displaystyle \ (i\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }-m)\psi =0}$
Unruh temperature	${\displaystyle T={\frac {\hbar a}{2\pi ck_{B}}}}$	${\displaystyle T={\frac {a}{2\pi }}}$
Coulomb's law	${\displaystyle F={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle F={\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}$
Maxwell's equations	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\rho }$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0\ }$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\left({\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\right)}$	${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =\rho \ }$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0\ }$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}$ ${\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}}$
Biot–Savart law	${\displaystyle \Delta B={\frac {\mu _{0}I}{4\pi }}{\frac {\Delta L}{r^{2}}}\sin \theta }$	${\displaystyle \Delta B={\frac {I}{4\pi }}{\frac {\Delta L}{r^{2}}}\sin \theta }$
Biot–Savart law	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {r} )={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}\int _{C}{\frac {I\,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}\times \mathbf {r'} }{|\mathbf {r'} |^{3}}}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {r} )={\frac {1}{4\pi }}\int _{C}{\frac {I\,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}\times \mathbf {r'} }{|\mathbf {r'} |^{3}}}}$
Electric field intensity and electric induction	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\epsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\mathbf {E} }$
Magnetic field intensity and magnetic induction	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {H} }$	${\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\mathbf {H} }$
Newton's law of universal gravitation	${\displaystyle F=-G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle F=-{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}$
Einstein field equations in general relativity	${\displaystyle {G_{\mu \nu }=8\pi {G \over c^{4}}T_{\mu \nu }}\ }$	${\displaystyle {G_{\mu \nu }=2T_{\mu \nu }}\ }$
Schwarzschild radius	${\displaystyle r_{s}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}}$	${\displaystyle r_{s}={\frac {M}{2\pi }}}$
Hawking temperature of a black hole	${\displaystyle T_{H}={\frac {\hbar c^{3}}{8\pi GMk_{B}}}}$	${\displaystyle T_{H}={\frac {1}{2M}}}$
Bekenstein–Hawking black hole entropy[4]	${\displaystyle S_{\text{BH}}={\frac {A_{\text{BH}}k_{\text{B}}c^{3}}{4G\hbar }}={\frac {4\pi Gk_{\text{B}}m_{\text{BH}}^{2}}{\hbar c}}}$	${\displaystyle S_{\text{BH}}=\pi A_{\text{BH}}=m_{\text{BH}}^{2}}$

• Heaviside–Lorentz units