Métis Nation of Alberta

The Métis Nation within Alberta is an integral part of the larger Métis Nation-a distinct Indigenous people whose Homeland stretches across west-central North America. Since the early 20th century, the Métis in Alberta have organized at the provincial level to advocate for the rights and interests that we hold together as an Aboriginal people. Rebuilding the Métis Nation within Alberta, however, presents unique challenges. Alberta is home to the country's largest Métis population. The Métis Nation of Alberta ("MNA"), which has served as the representative of the Métis in the province since 1928, currently has over 43,000 registered citizens. Alberta is also home to eight Metis Settlements established by provincial legislation. The Metis Settlements are the only secure Métis land base in Canada. Many Métis Settlement members are also registered MNA citizens, but many are not.

By the early 1800s, a new and distinct Indigenous people emerged in what is now western Canada-the Métis Nation. The Métis Nation developed its own group identity, language (Michif), culture, way of life, and forms of self-government throughout the inter-related communities and territory of our Homeland. The Métis Nation Homeland spans present day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta and extends into Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the northern United States.

In 1928, Felice Callihoo, Joseph Dion, James P. Brady, Malcolm Norris, and Peter Tompkins founded the Association des Métis Alberta et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, which would later be known as the Métis Association of Alberta ("MAA'') and then the Métis Nation of Alberta ("MNA"). The MNA is the manifestation of the Métis Nation within Alberta's long struggle to have our self-government, rights, and interests recognized within the province of Alberta.

In 1934, in response to MAA lobbying, Alberta appointed the "Half-breed Commission" to examine and report on Métis health, education, homelessness, and land issues. The MAA's leadership consistently attended the Commission's hearings. After a two-year investigation, the Commission recommended that the province provide Métis with a secure land base and adequate services. In 1938, Alberta responded by adopting the Métis Population Betterment Act, which created the province's 12 original Métis colonies (between 1941 and 1960, Alberta rescinded four of these colonies).

In 1961, the MNA, then still known as the MAA, was first incorporated and registered under provincial legislation. This registration was mainly done because governments began making funding available to Indigenous representative organizations such as the MNA but insisted that such organizations be incorporated in order to be legally recognized entities and obtain the funding available. Our leaders chose to incorporate the MAA to act as a legal and administrative complement to our Métis self-government.

In 1975, the Alberta Federation of Metis Settlements Association ("FMS") was incorporated and registered under provincial legislation. It aimed to provide the remaining Métis colonies with a united voice. One of the FMS's earliest leaders, Adrian Hope, was a proud member of the MAA who had attended the hearings of the Half -breed Commission on the MAA's behalf and had served as MAA president from 1961 to 1967. The FMS negotiated with the Government of Alberta for increased political, cultural, social, and economic development on the eight remaining Métis colonies.

Ultimately, these negotiations culminated in the signing of the Alberta-Metis Settlements Accord in 1989. The following year, pursuant to the Accord, Alberta passed the Metis Settlements Act and related legislation and granted the Metis Settlements General Council ("MSGC") fee simple title to the lands of what are now known as the Metis Settlements. This was done for the benefit of all Métis in Alberta:

“[T]his legislation is for all Métis of Alberta. Yes, it's directed to the settlements because that is in fact where the land base of 1.25 million acres is located, on the eight settlements. But any Métis can access membership and the rights to live and follow the Métis culture on these settlements...

The Métis Association of Alberta, which is more or less the umbrella group for off-settlement Métis, concurs in this process. That in itself is historic because the Métis community have come together on this process realizing that they all win, they all have access to it. So I don't think we're establishing two classes of people. That's not the intent. We're doing this for the Métis of Alberta ...."[1]

The MNA has the only objectively verifiable registry of citizens of the Métis Nation within Alberta, a registry funded by the federal government, the level of government with constitutional responsibility for Métis.[2] Citizens of the Metis Nation exist both on and off of the Metis Settlements and Métis Settlement membership, in of itself, does not necessarily identify rights-bearing citizens of the Métis Nation.[3]

On November 16, 2017, the MNA and Canada signed a Framework Agreement that set the stage for self-government negotiations with the Métis Nation within Alberta. In particular, the Framework Agreement commits the parties to making best-efforts to reach a self-government agreement within two years (by November 16, 2019) that would provide for recognition of a constitution, which would establish the core functions of a self-government for the Métis Nation within Alberta. On June 27, 2019, the Government of Canada and the Métis Nation of Alberta signed a Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Agreement (MGRSA) which recognizes the MNA as the government of the Metis Nation within Alberta and identifies the path for formalizing that recognition of the MNA as the government of the Métis Nation within Alberta within the Canadian legal system.

The Métis of Alberta are the only Métis in Canada to have a negotiated and legislated land base. There are eight Metis Settlements covering an area of 1,400,000 acres (5,700 km²). The land was granted by Letters Patent in 1990 and is held collectively in fee simple through the Métis Settlements General Council, the only governing political assembly of the Metis Territories.[4]

The eight Settlements are:

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• Métis Nation of Alberta
• Métis Regional Council zone IV
• Métis Settlements General Council