Madeleine Fritz

Madeleine Fritz was born in Saint John, New Brunswick. Growing up she developed a fascination towards the geological formations of her hometown.[4] Her father was a sea captain, so she spent many of her early years in and around the ocean. As a young girl she often played on the beach with marine life, which sparked her initial interest initial interest in fossil invertebrates.[1]

Fritz studied Arts and English at McGill University in Montreal.[3] After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1919, she went on to teach at Elmwood Private Girls School in Ottawa, Canada. While living in Ottawa, she meet Alice Wilson. Wilson was an assistant paleontologist at the Geological Survey of Canada, which was based out of Ottawa. Wilson was the first woman in Canada to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (in 1942, Fritz would become the second).[3] When they met, Wilson was preparing to embark on a geological expedition to Lake Winnipeg. Due to strict gender rules of that time, Wilson would not have been permitted to travel with any male colleagues. Therefore, she invited Fritz to join her on the expedition as her assistant while school was out for the summer. Fritz signed up as a "cook and canoe man," and accompanied Wilson for the six-week expedition in Manitoba.[3]

After returning from her expedition with Wilson, Fritz remained a teacher at Elmwood for one more year before deciding to enroll in the geology program offered at the University of Toronto. She was the only woman in the Geology program at that time.[3]

While attending the University of Toronto in 1920, Fritz was the only female graduate student in the geology department.[4] Despite this, Fritz mentioned that she felt accepted by those in her class and that no one ever tried to deter her from pursuing her degree in geology.[4] She completed her M.A. in 1923 and her Ph.D. in 1926, making her the first woman in Canada to have ever received a Ph.D. within the geology/palaeontology field.[4]

In 1927, Fritz was hired as an assistant at the Royal Ontario Museum of Palaeontology, which was affiliated with the University of Toronto. This position made her the only female geologist in Canada to hold an academic position in the field of geology during the interwar years.[4]

In 1935, Fritz was hired as an assistant professor in the geology department at the University of Toronto. In 1955, Fritz became the curator of the Department of Invertebrate Palaeontology of the Royal Ontario Museum of Palaeontology, the first woman to hold this position.[4] In 1956, Fritz became a full professor at the University of Toronto. It is important to note the length of time that it took for her to be promoted from assistant professor to full professor; this demonstrates lateral segregation.[5][6] Fritz officially ended her career with retirement in 1967, but she continued to research human evolution and origin of the Earth for the majority of her life.[7]

Fritz's career was a reflection of a successful female academic breakthrough in a field mainly dominated by males since it was associated with rugged work like mining and exploration.[4] She broke barriers regarding the role of women in society as having one, mainly maternal career and pursued her graduate degree instead of marrying.[4] Fritz, continued these accomplishments through participating in field work and publishing numerous research paper's while actively maintaining her administration and teaching roles.[4]

She has inspired many students like Mary Turner. However, Fritz may have been trying to encourage her protégées to pursue doctoral studies so that there would be a strong cohort of women trained to replace her prior to her retirement. However, some female students like Mary Turner may not have wanted to make the personal sacrifices that many of the early women in geology had made in terms of remaining single and focusing solely on their careers.[8]

Madeleine Fritz's contribution to palaeontology is remembered during the "Madeleine Fritz Annual Lecture in Palaeontology" event where namely women guest speakers discuss advancements in the geological field. It is also a space for discussion about new research and findings in the field. This event is held at the royal Ontario Museum.[9]

Fritz received several honours, in 1942 she entered the Royal Society of Canada as the second woman to receive such honour within Canada. In 1967, Fritz received the Canadian Centennial Medal.[1] In 1975, Fritz was one of 19 Canadian female scientists honoured in a display at National Museum of Natural Science.

Throughout her lifetime, Madeleine Fritz composed over sixty different research papers between 1923 and 1927.[3][4]Her main research was on the topic of Canadian faunas and fossils, specifically she made significant contributions to research of Palaeozoic Bryozoa.[3]

From 1922-1927 Fritz worked with Dr. William Arthur Parks alongside other students and paleontologists to compile an inventory of fossils from the Upper Ordovican stratigraphy found in the Credit River area. This work was published from 1923-1927 in 6 different papers by the Ontario Department of Mines and are still cited today as definitive works on the subject.[3]

In 1937, Fritz authored a journal entry in the field of Palaeontology named "Multisolenia, A New Genus of Palaeozoic Corals" while in the University of Toronto. She described a new genus Multisolenia, a coral found in the Silurian of the Lake Timiskaming-district in northern Ontario. The genotype described was Multisolenia tortuosa Fritz.[10] Two years later she provided further evidence for the distinction of the new found genus.[11]

Madeleine Fritz wrote a paper on the redescription of Trepostomatous bryozoan types that came from the Upper Ordovician rocks of Toronto and its surrounding areas. In addition, she redescribed type specimens from the Bryozoan Heterotrypa from Upper Ordovician rocks that came from the Credit River Valley area in Ontario.[12] She studied the species Atactoporella, Homotrypa, and Homotrypella. These bryozoan types are situated at the Royal Ontario Museum in the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology.[13] She also redescribed a variation of the genus S. catenulata diversa as Mesotrypa catenulata diversa.[14] Additionally, she redescribed bryozoan-type samples which gathered from the marine rocks surrounding Workman’s Creek.[15]

It was during the time that Fritz studied under renowned palaeontologist William Arthur Parks that she took on a leadership role in the North American study of Ordovician Bryozoa.[16] She was very grateful to have been able to be mentored by Parks, and she demonstrated her gratitude by writing a biography of him that was published in 1971.[1][17]

• Works by or about Madeleine Fritz at Internet Archive
• Data related to Madeleine Alberta Fritz at Wikispecies
• Madeleine Alberta Fritz oral history interview held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services