Mahfuz

Mahfuz (or Mohammed) (Arabic: محفوظ‎, Somali: Maxfuud, Harari: ማሕፉዝ) (died July 1517) was a Harari Emir of Harar and Governor of Zeila in the Adal Sultanate.[3][4]

Mahfuz mujeeb

Imam of Zeila, Garad and Emir[2]
Reign16th century
Full name
Mohammed
DynastyAdal Sultanate
ReligionIslam

Life and reign

Mahfuz led raids into the eastern provinces of Abyssinia for a number of years. He selected the season of Lent for his attacks, when the defenders were weakened by their fasts. He was eventually slain in battle during his final offensive, targeting the Amhara, Shewa, and Fetegar provinces south of the Awash River.

Sources differ over the number of years Mahfuz raided Abyssinia. Francisco Álvares states that his raids began during the reign of Eskender, and lasted 25 years.[5] However, Beckingham and Huntingford note that the Ethiopian Paris Chronicle, which draws on contemporary Ethiopian records, dates the beginning of these raids to the ascension of Dawit II (Lebna Dengel) in 1508.[6] Mahfuz reportedly caused the death of Ethiopian Emperors Na'od and Eskender.[7][8]

Upon reaching majority, Emperor Lebna Dengel decided to forgo his observance of Lent and oppose the Imam in battle, despite the advice and wishes of his councilors and people. He sent spies out to determine Imam Mahfuz's plans for that year, and learning the Imam was in Fatagar led his army there. He found Imam Mahfuz with the sultan of Adal encamped on a plain that was surrounded by mountains. After first sending soldiers out to secure the passes, the Abyssinian Emperor closed upon Imam Mahfuz.

Although Imam Mahfuz managed to enable Sultan Muhammed to escape with but four horsemen, according to Alvarez, Imam Mafhuz knew he was trapped and sought to die with honor. He called to the Abyssinians a challenge to fight in single combat, and Gabra Endreyas, who had been a follower of Emperor Lebna Dengel's father, accepted and killed the Imam. Mahfuz's head was cut from his body and displayed publicly in the Emperor's court.[9] After defeating Mahfuz, Dawit II used appellation Wanag Segad, which is a combination of Ge'ez and Harari terms.[10]

Legacy

Mahfuz' daughter, Bati del Wambara, married Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate. Ten years after Mahfuz's death, Al-Ghazi embarked on a Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash).[11]

See also

Notes and references
  1. J. D., Fage (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780521209816.
  2. J. D., Fage (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780521209816.
  3. Bruce, James Harar: The History of Ethiopia's Muslim City, p. 1
  4. Hassen, Mohammed. "Review work Futuh al habasa". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 184. JSTOR 27828848.
  5. Alvarez, Francisco (1961) The Prester John of the Indies, translated by C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, p. 412.
  6. Their discussion of Mahfuz is taken from their Introduction to Alvarez, Prester John, pp. 16f.
  7. Burton, Richard. First Footsteps in East Africa. p. 179.
  8. Huntingford, G.W.B. The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
  9. Alvarez, p. 413.
  10. Gate, Henry (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. p. 482. ISBN 978-0195382075.
  11. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad, in his Futuh al-Habasa (translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst [Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003]) consistently uses the word "Jihad" to refer to Ahmad Gragn's conquest of Ethiopia.
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