Maiawali

The Maiawali spoke a dialect of Pitta Pitta. A number of brief records of their language were made by early European settlers in their area.[1][2][3][4]

Norman Tindale estimated their tribal lands as covering 12,200 square miles (32,000 km²), taking in the areas of the Diamantina River, from Davenport Downs and the Diamantina lakes north to Old Cork, and the land from the Mayne River to Mount Vergemont. Their westerly limits were at Spring Vale. To their southeast the territory went as far as Farrars Creek. Connemara and Brighton Downs were part of Maiawali lands.[5][6]

Males were initiated into full manhood by undergoing subincision at the Mika ceremony. Hill described the technique in the following terms:

One of the elders will lie face downwards on the ground, a slight excavation having been made there to receive the stomach, the initiate is placed upon this individual's back, face up, his limbs are placed in position by various assistants, one of whom sits astride the initiate's body and hold's the initiate's penis, while the actual operator makes a superficial incision through the skin from the external meatus down to near the scrotal pouch in line with the Median Raphe; a deeper incision is next made with a stone knife which opens up the canal as it is pushed onwards. Haemorrhage is prevented by the initiate squatting over some smoking embers and heated charcoal placed in a small excavation in the ground beneath him, the wound being subsequently smeared with greased and powdered charcoal. For the next two or three weeks they will always try and arrange matters so as to micturate close to or over some smoking ashes; after the operation the initiate is looked on as an adult man'[7][lower-alpha 1]

Mary Durack, writing of the pastoral empires staked out by her grandfather Patrick Durack and John Costello in the 1870s, lists the tribal territories of the Maiawali among the 13,000 square miles (34,000 km²) Costello took over.[8]

Writing in 1901, Sid Hill of Brighton Downs remarked that the Maiawali made excellent stockmen, and estimated that their numbers were still around 500, though rapidly diminishing due, in his view, to the devastating impact of venereal disease, opium smoking, tobacco, and what, regarding the males, Charles Sturt called "the terrible rite" (subincision), and among the females of introcision.[9]

The descendants of the Maiawali and Karuwali underwrote an agreement regarding mining rights in the area south west of Winton covering 49,110 square kilometres (18,960 sq mi).[10]

• Maiali.
• Majawali.
• Mailly.
• Myall, Myallee.
• Myoli.
• Miorli.
• Majuli (error)
• Puruga. (lit.penis people, an exonym reflecting their adoption of circumcision).[11]