Masako Katsura

Little is known about Katsura's childhood in Japan.[6] Katsura had three sisters and a brother.[7] Their father died when Katsura was 12 years old and she went to live with her older sister and her sister's husband,[8] Tomio Kobashi,[9] who owned a billiard parlor.[8] By 13 she was spending time in her brother-in-law's billiard room,[10] and by 14 she was working as a billiard attendant there. Kobashi was a fine player and taught Katsura the fundamentals of various carom billiards games.[11]^{[footnote 1]} Katsura also had a billiard table at home, bought by her family after she showed intense interest in the sport.[12] Katsura practiced diligently, and began competing against Japanese men and beating them.[11] At just 15, Katsura won the women's championship straight rail tournament of Japan. "Then I turned professional and began touring with a sister all over Japan, China and Formosa", said Katsura in a 1959 interview.[10] Katsura's two younger sisters, Noriko and Tadako, also won the women's straight rail championship in other years.[5]

In 1937, Katsura met Kinrey Matsuyama, who had won Japan's national three-cushion championship multiple times.[13] Matsuyama was also U.S. national champion in 1934,[14] runner-up three other times[15] and had four second-place finishes in world competition at 18.2 balkline prior to World War II.[16] Matsuyama was impressed with Katsura and began teaching her top level play.[14] By 1947, Katsura was a long-established billiard star in Japan—the country's only female professional player.[17]

During 1947 Katsura caught the eye of American serviceman Vernon Greenleaf[11] (no relation to the pool and carom billiards champion Ralph Greenleaf),[18] a master sergeant in the U.S. Army's Quartermaster Corps who had been in the armed services for 22 years.[6][18] Katsura and Greenleaf first met in a Tokyo service club where she was giving billiard exhibitions.[11] Greenleaf began taking lessons from Katsura[14] and was quickly smitten with her.[11] They were married on November 30, 1950,[19] but never had any children.[7]

At the time of their marriage Katsura already boasted two second-place finishes at Japan's national three-cushion championship; one from the year prior to their wedding.[17][20] She claimed the runner-up spot for a third time the year of her marriage.[14] About that time she accomplished the lofty feat of scoring 10,000 contiguous points at straight rail in an exhibition by nursing the balls around the table 27 times over about ​4 ¹⁄₂ hours.[9]^{[footnote 2]} She stopped at 10,000 points only because it was a benchmark round number.[21] In later years she said that her high run in three-cushion billiards (number of points scored consecutively in a single inning) was 19.[22]^{[footnote 3]}

In 1951 Greenleaf was transferred to a U.S. post from Haneda Air Base in Tokyo.[14] He and Katsura, who spoke little English,[18] set sail for the United States on the USS Breckinridge, debarking in San Francisco at the end of December 1951,[14] just a few months before the 1952 World Three-Cushion Billiards tournament was scheduled to begin in that city on March 6.[23] Katsura had been conditionally invited to play at the world championship after Cochran, whose billiard parlor was hosting the tournament, had heard of her brilliance from Matsuyama.[20] Cochran was an 8-time world champion having won the world crown at three-cushion billiards in 1933, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1944 and 1945, and at 18.2 balkline, in 1927 and 1934.[24] Cochran sent his son, W. R. (Dick) Cochran, a naval officer stationed in Japan, to investigate and received back a glowing report[20] that said (possibly to Cochran's annoyance), "this girl is better than you are!"[25] Though the decision was ultimately in the hands of the Billiard Congress of America as tournament sponsor, they gave Cochran the option to invite her.[20]

After Katsura arrived in the U.S., she gave a private exhibition for Cochran, who wanted to make sure she was as good as reported before finalizing the invitation. At that meeting she clicked off runs of 300 and 400 at straight rail, made in the words of Cochran "almost unbelievable shots"[20] after switching to balkline, and showed high competence at three-cushion, consistently scoring.[20] Cochran made the invite "final"[19] and stated: "She's the most marvelous thing I ever saw... She's liable to beat anybody, even Willie Hoppe... I could not see any weak spots... She's going to give lots of those players fits."[20] As a warm-up for the competition Katsura gave a number of billiard exhibitions during February 1952.[26]

Katsura's participation in the 1952 World Three-Cushion Billiards title marked the first time that a woman had competed for any world billiards title.[11][27] This was only ten years after Ruth McGinness became the first woman to have ever been invited to play in any men's professional billiard championship (the New York State Championship of 1942).[28] The defending champion was the then 64-year-old internationally renowned Willie Hoppe, who would retire later that year with 51 world titles to his name between 1906 and 1952[29] in three forms of carom billiards, three-cushion, (four sub-disciplines of) balkline and cushion caroms.[30] Before the tournament, speculation had it that when Hoppe met Katsura in the championship in the race to 50 points format, he would defeat her with Katsura still needing at least 40.[31] After seeing her play, Hoppe said "she has a fine stroke and can make shots with either hand. I look forward to playing with her."[23] The public was fascinated by the novelty of a woman player. Life magazine reported that "San Franciscans who did not know a cue from a cucumber crowded in to see her... Katy [sic]... stole the show."[32]

The 10 champions slated to play in the round robin format tournament[31] were Katsura, her mentor, Matsuyama, favorite and defending champion Willie Hoppe, Mexican champion Joe Chamaco, Herb Hardt of Chicago, New York's Art Rubin, Los Angeles' Joe Procita, Ray Kilgore of San Francisco, Jay Bozeman of Vallejo and Binghamton's Irving Crane.[13][33][34] The championship between the invitees was to take place at Cochran's 924 Club, with 45 total games to be played[13] (each player to play every other once)[35] over the 17-day tournament ending on March 22, 1952.[13] The tournament was reported to have "The greatest billiard field since before World War II".[36] First place earned a $2,000 purse (today $19,300), plus thousands in exhibition fees. Following behind to eight places were prizes of $1,000, $700, $500, $350, $300, $250 and $250 respectively.[36]

On the second day of the competition,[23] March 7, 1952, Katsura drew Irving Crane for her first match. They made quite a contrast as Crane was the tallest player at the tourney,[37] while Katsura was described by reporter Curley Grieve of the San Francisco Examiner as "so small and doll-like she looks like a figurine in her flowing, gold-satin gown."[5] Crane's main discipline was straight pool, at which he won numerous championships, including six world titles.[38] The match was close, but Crane prevailed 50 to 42[5] in 57 innings.[39] On March 10, Katsura defeated Herb Hardt 50 to 42 in 58 innings.[40] Katsura was significantly behind at one point but counted 15 points in five innings to take the lead. On March 11, she lost to Chamaco, 50 to 35,[41] but the following day Katsura upset Procita 50–43 in 63 innings, with runs of six, five and four. "Spectators exclaimed 'brilliant' and 'sensational' at some of her shots."[31]

On March 14, Katsura faced the undefeated Hoppe, losing 50 to 31 in 36 innings.[42] Though Hoppe was a darling of the public, the crowd of more than 500 spectators was clearly rooting for Katsura throughout.[43] The next day she faced her mentor, Matsuyama, considered the contender with the best shot at beating Hoppe.[42] Matsuyama edged out his protégé with a close 50 to 48 finish[44] in 51 innings. By the 21st inning Matsuyama held a 29–21 lead. Katsura battled back, the score 43–42 in her favor by inning 33, but Matsuyama ran three in the 46th inning, and Katsura could not close the gap. Mentor and protégé alike posted high runs of six in the match[45]

Chart recording final standings for the 1952 World Three-Cushion tournament. The form emulates that of the original handwritten chart used at the tournament.[46] The three numbers in each box are read as follows: the top number is the points scored by the player; at bottom right is the number of innings; at bottom left is the player's high run.[46]

On March 18 Katsura trounced Art Rubin 50–28 in 58 innings.[47] but was handed a worse defeat in her next match on March 20, losing to Bozeman 50 to 18 in 52 innings.[48] In her last match on March 21, Katsura pulled off a 50–46 win against Kilgore in 61 innings. This was the biggest upset of the tournament. Kilgore, the "Giant Killer", was the only player other than Matsuyama who was considered to have a fighting chance at dethroning Hoppe.[49] Between this win and her earlier win over Procita, Katsura had beaten the only two players in the tournament that had won their matches against Hoppe.[50] That evening a separate exhibition match between Katsura and Kilgore was featured on KRON-TV, with commentary provided by Cochran.[51] The next day the tournament concluded with Hoppe repeating as champion as he had so many times before.[29] Katsura took seventh place, ahead of Procita at eighth place, Chamaco at ninth and Rubin at tenth. Above her were Crane at sixth, Rubin at fifth, Kilgore at fourth, Bozeman at third and Matsuyama as runner-up.[52]

Following the competition, Jay Bozeman, said "We've found it hard to believe that a woman could actually step into the best billiard championship in the world and hold her own. Miss Katsura is one of the finest players I've faced in a world's tournament,[11] while Welker Cochran, five-time holder of the Billiards World Crown, predicted:[6] "Given another two or three years of American competition and she will be the world's champion.... Masako has opened a new field for women. Her presence has made the game attractive to women for the first time. She has the power of a man and strokes beautifully. Her maneuvers with the cue ball are fantastic. All she needs is a bit more experience and she will be unbeatable."[6]

With Hoppe retired as of 1952, there was excitement over who would take the 1953 world three-cushion crown,[61] to be held in Chicago[62] at the Chicago Town Club in the Sheraton Hotel.[63] Eleven competitors were slated to play, many repeats of the prior year, including Chamaco, Katsura, Matsuyama, Bozeman, Kilgore, Procita and Rubin. New to the field were Harold Worst of Grand Rapids, Hollywood's John Fitzpatrick, Mel Lundberg of Minneapolis and Ezequiel Navarra of Argentina. Navarra was considered the favorite by experts, having won championships that year in Cuba, Colombia, Peru and Argentina and having just come off an exhibition tour with Cochran in which Navarra averaged a formidable 1.16, scoring 1,295 three-cushions in 1,120 innings over the length of the tour.[61]

In Katsura's first match she defeated Lundberg 50–44, in 71 innings.[64] Thereafter she: lost to Matsuyama 50 to 37 in 39 innings;[65] lost to Rubin, 50–37, in 52 innings;[66] beat Fitzpatrick 50–38 in 50 innings, undefeated to that point;[67] beat Chamaco 50 to 44, in 56 innings with a high run of eight;[62] upset favorite Navarra 50 to 40 in 43 innings;[68] followed by a loss to Kilgore, 50 to 41, in 42 innings;[69] and a loss to Harold Worst 50 to 42, in 52 innings;[70] but then defeated Bozeman 50–48 in 60 innings in her last match.[71] When the dust had settled, Katsura shared fifth place with Matsuyama, each having won and lost five matches. The winner of the world crown was Kilgore with an eight-win, two-loss record. Navarra and Bozeman tied for second.[72]

Advertisement for a Katsura vs. Matsyama [sic] exhibition to be held on April 22, 1953, in a Long Beach, California, billiard parlor[73]

After the 1953 championship wrapped up, Katsura and Matsuyama gave an exhibition together in Long Beach, California[74] (advertisement at right). The format was 100 points at balkline, followed by a race to 40 at three-cushion and then a trick shot exhibition. Katsura crushed her teacher, 100–11 and 100–3 at balkline, but Matsuyama won both the three-cushion matches, 40–34 and 40–39.[75] This was Katsura and Matsuyama's last close interaction. After returning to Japan, Matsuyama suffered a heart attack and died on December 20, 1953.[76][77] He had had plans to move to Honolulu with his family, become an American citizen, and purchase a billiard parlor. His eldest son, Hideo, 18, was attending a San Francisco high school at the time. He was said to have taught all of Japan's top players, among which Katsura was the star pupil.[76]

Next, Katsura played a five-day, 600 point three-cushion exhibition series with Ray Kilgore in San Francisco, March 12–17, 1953.[78] At the end Kilgore was the winner with a final score of 600 to 547. Kilgore said: "She played really remarkable billiards and I played a little over my head."[79] The next week Katsura faced Kilgore again in another exhibition at Welker Cochran's room, beating him 50–33 in 45 innings.[80]

The 1954 World Three-Cushion tournament was held in Buenos Aires with only 8 contestants: Katsura; Ray Miller[81] of Jackson, Michigan;[82] Harold Worst; Argentinian brothers Juan and Ezequiel Navarra; Welker Cochran, who had come out of retirement; Chamaco; and defending champion, Kilgore.[81] As usual, Katsura was the sole female contestant.[1]

In her first round she was victorious over Miller, 60–47[83] in 76 innings,[82] then beat Chamaco 60–55,[81] but followed with a loss to Ezequiel Navarra 60–28 in 48 innings.[84] Katsura then beat his brother, Juan Navarra, 60–52 in 77 innings in her last match to take fourth place overall. On the last day Harold Worst and Ezequiel Navarra ended in a tie with a playoff to be held[85] initially to 60 points, later raised to a 350 point format,[86] at which Worst ultimately prevailed on October 25, 1954.[87]

Little was seen of Katsura for the next few years. She made 30 exhibition appearances in 1958[7] but had been in "virtual retirement"[88] for about five years.[88] During this break the second of Katsura's two billiards instruction books came out in Japan: 撞球上達法 (1956) ("Improve Your Billiards").[89] An earlier primer, 撞球入門 ("Introduction to Billiards"), was published in 1952.[90] In 1959 it was announced that Katsura and Harold Worst would compete in a one week exhibition match to 1,200 points, beginning February 9 at Randolph Recreations in Chicago.[91][92] Worst and Katsura moved their show to Philadelphia next[10] where they played six matches at three-cushion billiards to 50 points,[93] and thereafter went to exhibit in New York.[94]

On March 1, 1959, Katsura appeared on CBS' popular primetime television show, What's My Line?[95] The show was in the format of a guessing game, in which a panel attempted to determine the line (occupation), or in the case of a famous "mystery guest", the identity of the contestant.[96] After she signed in using Japanese characters on a chalk board, show officials listed Katsura's occupation for the audience as "Professional Billiard Player (World's Women's Champion)".[95] Panelist Arlene Francis was successful in guessing Katsura's occupation, though she admitted that she had read about her but said she had never seen her picture.[95] Later that month Katsura made a guest appearance on ABC's You Asked For It, going behind the scenes of westerns[97] to show how television productions set up and filmed a covered wagon rolling over and crashing on cue.[98] She appeared again on You Asked For It in a November 25, 1960 broadcast, this time operating in her bailiwick, demonstrating trick shots for the camera.[99]

By 1961 and for a few years prior, there was no longer an organized world three-cushion championship.[100][101] Accordingly, Harold Worst, the reigning champion since 1954,[102] issued a challenge match to Katsura to defend his title, with the match to take place March 13–18 of that year at the Pantlind Hotel in Grand Rapids, Michigan,[101] for a purse of $2,000.[88] The preceding year Worst had issued a similar title-defending challenge to Joe Chamaco of Mexico,[101] which also took place in Grand Rapids at the same venue.[100] Worst even took unsuccessful legal action to block an Argentinian three-cushion tournament, billed as a "world title" event, that was scheduled to overlap the dates of his title match with Katsura.[88] Worst defeated Katsura in six out of seven matches, with total three-cushions scored between them, respectively, of 350 and 276.[103] Meanwhile, Chamaco claimed the world crown as well, after winning the tournament in Argentina.[104]