Vallejo, California

Vallejo (/vəˈleɪ(h)oʊ/ və-LAY-(h)oh; Spanish: [baˈʎexo]) is a waterfront city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area. Vallejo is geographically the closest North Bay city to the inner East Bay, so it is sometimes associated with that region. Its population was 115,942 at the 2010 census. It is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and the largest in Solano County.

Vallejo, California
City
City of Vallejo California
View of Vallejo Holiday Parade
Nickname(s): 
V-Town, The Old Capital, Valley Joe
Motto(s): 
City of Opportunity, The Naval City
Location in Solano County and the state of California
Vallejo, California
Location in California
Vallejo, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 38°6′47″N 122°14′9″W
Country United States
State California
RegionSan Francisco Bay Area
CountySolano
Founded1851
IncorporatedMarch 30, 1868[1]
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • MayorRobert McConnell[2]
 • City managerGreg Nyhoff[3]
 • State senatorBill Dodd (D)[4]
 • AssemblymemberTim Grayson (D)[4]
 • U. S. rep.Mike Thompson (D)[5]
Area
 • Total48.78 sq mi (126.34 km2)
 • Land30.50 sq mi (79.01 km2)
 • Water18.27 sq mi (47.33 km2)  38.0%
Elevation69 ft (21 m)
Population
 • Total115,942
 • Estimate 
(2019)[9]
121,692
 • Rank1st in Solano County
50th in California
 • Density3,989.25/sq mi (1,540.26/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
94589–94592
Area code707
FIPS code06-81666
GNIS feature IDs1661612, 2412142

The city is named after Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the famed Californio general and statesman. He was a leading proponent of California's statehood and one of the first members of the California State Senate. The neighboring city of Benicia is named for his wife, Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo. Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California: once in 1852 and again in 1853.[10]

Vallejo sits on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay, 30 mi (48 km) north of San Francisco, the northwestern shore of the Carquinez Strait and the southern end of the Napa River, 15 mi (24 km) south of Napa. Vallejo is home to the California Maritime Academy, Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park, the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and the regional office for Region 5 of the United States Forest Service.

History
Vallejo is named after Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the famed Californio general and statesman, who founded the city. Nearby Benicia is named after Vallejo's wife.

Vallejo was once home of the Coastal Miwok as well as Suisunes and other Patwin Native American tribes. The Columbus Parkway EIR documents three confirmed Native American sites located in the rock outcrops in the hills above Blue Rock Springs Park. The California Archaeological Inventory has indicated that the three Indian sites are located on Sulphur Springs Mountain.

The city of Vallejo was once part of the 84,000-acre (340 km2) Rancho Suscol Mexican land grant of 1843 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The city was named after this Mexican military officer and title holder who was appointed in settling and overseeing the north bay region. General Vallejo was responsible for military peace in the region and founded the pueblo of Sonoma in 1836. In 1846 independence-minded Anglo immigrants rose up against the Mexican government of California in what would be known as the Bear Flag Revolt which resulted in his imprisonment in Sutter's Fort. This was subsequently followed by the annexation of the California Republic to the United States. General Vallejo, though a Mexican army officer, generally acquiesced in the annexation of California to the United States, recognizing the greater resources of the United States and benefits that would bring to California. He was a proponent of reconciliation and statehood after the Bear Flag Revolt, and has a U.S. Navy submarine, the USS Mariano G. Vallejo (SSBN-658), named after him.

In 1850, Vallejo proposed plans for a new city, to be called Eureka, with the capitol, university, botanical garden and other features. After a statewide referendum, his proposal was accepted, although a new name was decided upon: Vallejo. In 1851, a commission appointed by the Senate found a site on a hill that overlooked the bay and could see San Francisco on a clear day, and it was approved for its symbolic strategic value. In 1851, Vallejo was the official state capitol, with the government prepared to meet for the first time the following year. In 1852, the legislature convened for the first time. Unfortunately, Vallejo didn't follow through with building a capitol for them to meet in. After being forced to meet in a leaky building, sitting on barrels, they motioned to move sessions to Sacramento, and served there for the remainder of the session after only 11 days. In 1853, it was again the meeting place for the legislature, solely for the purpose of moving the capitol officially to Benicia, which occurred on February 4, 1853, after only a month. Benicia is named after Vallejo's wife, Francisca Benicia Carrillo. After legislature left, the government established a naval shipyard on Mare Island, which helped the town overcome the loss. Due to the presence of the shipyard, Filipinos began to immigrate to Vallejo beginning in the first decades of the 20th century.[11] The yard functioned for over a hundred years, finally closing in 1996.[12]

Map of Vallejo and the Carquinez Strait; 1902.

The U.S. government appointed the influential Vallejo as Indian agent for Northern California. He also served on the state constitutional convention in 1849. Afterward, Vallejo remained active in state politics, but challenges to his land titles around Sonoma eventually left him impoverished and reduced his ranch from 250,000 acres to a mere 300. He eventually retired from public life, questioning the wisdom of his having welcomed the American acquisition of California in the first place. Vallejo died in 1890, a symbol of the eclipse of Californio wealth, power, and prestige.[13]

Although the town is named after General Vallejo, the man regarded as the true founder of Vallejo is John B. Frisbie. After his daughter Epifania married Frisbie, General Vallejo granted him power of attorney for the land grant. It was Frisbie who hired E.H. Rowe, the man who designed the city layout and who named the east–west streets after states and the north–south streets after California counties.[14]

In the early 1900s, Vallejo was home to a Class D minor-league baseball team, referred to in local newspapers sometimes as the "Giants" and other times simply as "The Vallejos." Pacific Coast League star and future Chicago White Sox center fielder Ping Bodie played for Vallejo during the 1908 season, in which the team reached the California state title game. The team was disbanded in the early 1920s. Today it is home to the Vallejo Admirals of the independent Pacific Association.

Downtown Vallejo retains many of its historic Victorian and Craftsman homes.

Geography and environment

According to United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.5 square miles (128 km2). Land area is 30.7 square miles (80 km2), and 18.9 square miles (49 km2) (38.09%) is water. The Napa River flows until it changes into the Mare Island Strait in Vallejo which then flows into San Pablo Bay, in the northeastern part of San Francisco Bay.

Vallejo is located on the southwestern edge of Solano County, California in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. Vallejo is accessible by Interstate 80 between San Francisco and Sacramento, and is the location for the northern half of the Carquinez Bridge. It is also accessible by Interstate 780 from neighboring Benicia to the east, and by Route 37 from Marin County to the west. Route 29 (former U.S. Route 40) begins in the city near the Carquinez Bridge and travels north through the heart of the city and beyond into Napa County, entering neighboring American Canyon and eventually Napa.

Several faults have been mapped in the vicinity of Vallejo. The San Andreas Fault and Hayward Faults are the most active faults, although the San Andreas is at some distance. Locally, the Sulphur Springs Valley Thrust Fault and Southampton Fault are found. No quaternary seismic activity along these minor faults has been observed with the possible exception of a slight offset revealed by trenching. The Sulphur Mountain and Green Valley faults have been associated with the Concord Fault to the south. The Concord Fault is considered active. Historically there have been local cinnabar mines in the Vallejo area.[15] The Hastings Mine and St. John's Mine contribute ongoing water contamination for mercury; furthermore, mine shaft development has depleted much of this area's spring water. Both Rindler Creek and Blue Rock Springs Creek have been affected.

The city of Vallejo is located 30 mi (48 km) northeast of San Francisco,[16] 22 mi (35 km) north of Oakland, 56 mi (90 km) north of San Jose and 52 mi (84 km) south of Sacramento. Vallejo borders the city of Benicia to the east, American Canyon and the Napa county line to the north, the Carquinez Strait to the south and the San Pablo Bay to the west.

Climate

Vallejo has a mild, coastal Mediterranean climate and can be an average of 10 °F (6 °C) cooler than nearby inland cities. Vallejo is influenced by its position on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay, but is less sheltered from heatwaves than areas directly on or nearer the Pacific Ocean/Golden Gate such as San Francisco and Oakland. Although slightly less marine, average temperatures range between 8 °C (46 °F) in January and 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in July.[17] However, summer is very long with July–September being almost equal in historical average temperatures. This seasonal lag sees October averages being higher than in May[17] in spite of it being after the Equinox (meaning less daylight than darkness).

Climate data for Vallejo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84.9
(29.4)		 86.0
(30.0)		 91.9
(33.3)		 95.0
(35.0)		 104.0
(40.0)		 114.8
(46.0)		 111.9
(44.4)		 109.9
(43.3)		 109.9
(43.3)		 106.0
(41.1)		 90.0
(32.2)		 81.0
(27.2)		 113.0
(45.0)
Average high °F (°C) 57.0
(13.9)		 61.5
(16.4)		 65.1
(18.4)		 69.6
(20.9)		 74.5
(23.6)		 79.0
(26.1)		 79.9
(26.6)		 81.9
(27.7)		 82.0
(27.8)		 76.5
(24.7)		 65.8
(18.8)		 57.6
(14.2)		 70.9
(21.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 47.7
(8.7)		 51.1
(10.6)		 53.4
(11.9)		 56.7
(13.7)		 61.2
(16.2)		 65.7
(18.7)		 67.6
(19.8)		 67.5
(19.7)		 66.7
(19.3)		 62.1
(16.7)		 54.3
(12.4)		 48.2
(9.0)		 58.5
(14.7)
Average low °F (°C) 38.3
(3.5)		 40.8
(4.9)		 42.1
(5.6)		 43.7
(6.5)		 47.7
(8.7)		 51.3
(10.7)		 53.4
(11.9)		 53.1
(11.7)		 51.4
(10.8)		 47.8
(8.8)		 42.6
(5.9)		 38.8
(3.8)		 45.9
(7.7)
Record low °F (°C) 19.0
(−7.2)		 23.0
(−5.0)		 23.0
(−5.0)		 27.0
(−2.8)		 30.0
(−1.1)		 34.0
(1.1)		 37.9
(3.3)		 32.0
(0.0)		 36.0
(2.2)		 28.0
(−2.2)		 26.6
(−3.0)		 14.0
(−10.0)		 14.0
(−10.0)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.2
(131)		 4.4
(112)		 3.3
(84)		 1.7
(42)		 0.7
(18)		 0.2
(5)		 0
(0)		 0.1
(2)		 0.3
(8)		 1.4
(35)		 3.0
(76)		 4.6
(116)		 24.7
(627)
Average precipitation days 11 10 9 6 3 1 0 0 1 4 8 10 63
Source: [17]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18805,987—
18906,3435.9%
19007,96525.6%
191011,34042.4%
192021,10786.1%
193016,072−23.9%
194020,07224.9%
195026,03829.7%
196060,877133.8%
197071,71017.8%
198080,30312.0%
1990109,19936.0%
2000116,7606.9%
2010115,942−0.7%
2019 (est.)121,692[9]5.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]

Vallejo was named the most diverse city in the United States in a 2012 study by Brown University based on 2010 census data,[19][20] and the most diverse city in the state of California by a Niche study based on 2017 American Community Survey data.[21]

Demographic profile2010[22]1990[23]1970[23]1950[23]
White32.8%50.5%78.2%90.8%
 —Non-Hispanic25.0%46.2%N/AN/A
Black or African American22.1%21.2%16.6%5.8%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)22.6%10.8%6.1%N/A
Asian24.9%23.0%4.1%0.6%

2010

The 2010 United States Census[24] reported that Vallejo had a population of 115,942. The population density was 2,340.3 people per square mile (903.6/km2). The racial makeup of Vallejo was 38,066 (32.9%) White, 25,572 (22.1%) African American, 757 (0.7%) Native American, 28,895 (24.9%) Asian (21.1% Filipino, 1.0% Indian, 0.9% Chinese, 0.5% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Laotian), 1,239 (1.1%) Pacific Islander, 12,759 (11.0%) from other races, and 8,656 (7.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26,165 persons (22.6%). Non-Hispanic Whites numbered 28,946 persons (25.0%).[25]

The Census reported that 114,279 people (98.6% of the population) lived in households, 1,130 (1.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 533 (0.5%) were institutionalized.

There were 40,559 households, out of which 14,398 (35.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 17,819 (43.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,214 (17.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,755 (6.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,804 (6.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 497 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 9,870 households (24.3%) were made up of individuals, and 3,255 (8.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82. There were 27,788 families (68.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.36.

The population was spread out, with 26,911 people (23.2%) under the age of 18, 11, 69 people (10.1%) aged 18 to 24, 30,053 people (25.9%) aged 25 to 44, 33,312 people (28.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,999 people (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

There were 44,433 housing units at an average density of 896.9 per square mile (346.3/km2), of which 24,188 (59.6%) were owner-occupied, and 16,371 (40.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.4%. 68,236 people (58.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 46,043 people (39.7%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 116,760 people, 39,601 households, and 28,235 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,493.3/km2 (3,867.9/mi2). There were 41,219 housing units at an average density of 527.2/km2 (1,365.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the city was 35.97% White, 23.69% African American, 0.66% Native American, 24.16% Asian, 1.09% Pacific Islander, 7.88% from other races, and 6.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.92% of the population.

As of 2000, residents with Filipino ancestry made up 20.74% of Vallejo's population.[27] As of 2009, Vallejo is the 9th largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area, 48th in the state of California, and 215th in the U.S. by population.

There were 39,601 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,030, and the median income for a family was $53,805. Males had a median income of $40,132 versus $32,129 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,415. About 7.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 64 or over.

Notable events

Zodiac Killer
Main article: Zodiac Killer

The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who was active in Northern California during the 1960s. He claimed to have killed 37, but the actual number is unknown. Three of the murders attributed to the Zodiac Killer took place within the city limits or nearby. Both the Vallejo Police Department and San Francisco Police Department investigated the murders but were never able to solve the case. The case was marked inactive in April 2004 but was reopened in March 2007. The Vallejo Police Department website has a menu tab for providing Zodiac Crime Tips. The case also remains open in additional jurisdictions.

LGBT Community

As early as the 1940s and before, Vallejo is known to have had a well-formed gay community, which was a short drive or boat ride away from San Francisco.[28] At one time Vallejo boasted eight gay bars. After a migration of gays and lesbians from San Francisco in the decade 2000–2009,[29] openly gay members of the community encountered what they described as a backlash against them. The school district was threatened by the ACLU to be sued for harassment of a 17-year-old lesbian by school administrators. The school settled the lawsuit with the student. The school agreed to pay her $25,000, adopt a more stringent non-discrimination policy and include a curriculum that positively portrayed gay and lesbian people.[30]

Two openly gay men have been elected to Vallejo's city council.

Artist migration

In recent years, Vallejo has attracted a large community of artists to the region in search of lower rent and larger work-spaces.[31] Artists pushed out of larger Bay Area cities like San Francisco and Oakland have been working with city leaders to revitalize the once blighted downtown area. The artist-run Vallejo Art Walk scheduled on the second Friday of every month in downtown Vallejo has been recognized as a hub for artists in the Bay Area and the entirety of California.[32]

November 2007 mayoral election

The incumbent mayor was former city council member Anthony Intintoli; Florence Douglas was the first female mayor in Vallejo.

Bankruptcy

On May 6, 2008, the City Council voted 7–0 to file for Chapter 9 bankruptcy, at the time becoming the largest California city to do so.[33][34] Stephanie Gomes, Vallejo City Councilwoman, largely blames exorbitant salaries and benefits for Vallejo firefighters and police officers. Reportedly, salaries and benefits for public safety workers account for at least 80 percent of Vallejo's general-fund budget. (Stockton, California, a larger city, filed for bankruptcy in June 2012.)

On November 1, 2011, a federal judge released Vallejo from bankruptcy after nearly three years.[35] The city is now taking measures to find more revenue, and has already gotten new employee contracts, lowered pension plans for firefighters, increased the amount city staffers add to their health insurance and eliminated minimum staffing requirements for the fire department. The legal fees included in bankruptcy cost the city $8 million.

A brief analysis of Vallejo's financial downfall is featured in Michael Lewis's book Boomerang: Travels in the New Third World.[36]

Participatory budgeting

On April 17, 2012, the City Council approved the first citywide participatory budgeting (PB) process in the United States. The Council allocated $3.4 million to the Vallejo PB process and since then, Vallejo residents and business and property owners have been developing and designing project ideas. They have vetted and reduced more than 800 project ideas to 36 projects that will be on the ballot. Vallejo residents 14 years of age and older will vote and choose six out of 36 projects to vote on from May 11 through May 18, 2013.

The second cycle of participatory budgeting in Vallejo was initiated on February 4, 2014, with $2.4 million allocated. A public vote open to all residents of Vallejo age 16 and over took place in October 2014.

Police shootings

Vallejo has seen a rate of killings by police officers that is significantly higher than the national average and other Bay Area cities. These incidents included the fatal shooting of Willie McCoy by six officers in 2019 and the killing of Sean Monterrosa, who was unarmed, during protests following the killing of George Floyd in 2020. One of the officers who killed McCoy had previously killed an unarmed man as he fled, while another killed three men over a five-month period and was later promoted.[37] Vallejo Police killed 19 people between 2010 and 2020.[38] In 2012, police shootings accounted for six of the 20 homicides to occur in the city, and the frequency of officer-involved shootings stood at around 38 times the national rate.[39]

Economy

According to the City's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[40] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Kaiser Permanente Medical Center 3,906
2 Six Flags Discovery Kingdom 1,600
3 Vallejo City Unified School District 1,600
4 Kaiser Permanente Call Center 950
5 Sutter Health Medical Center 690
6 City of Vallejo 574
7 Sutter Health 400
8 Touro University California 385
9 United States Forest Service 300
10 Petrochem 225

Education

Public high schools

Public middle schools
  • Francisco Solano Middle School
  • Benjamin Franklin Middle School(officially closed in 2020)
  • Hogan Middle School (formerly Hogan High School and Springstowne Middle School)
  • Vallejo Charter School
  • Mare Island Technology Academy Middle School
  • Griffin Academy Middle School
  • Caliber ChangeMakers Academy (K-8)

Private and parochial schools

Alternative schools
  • Community Day School
  • Vallejo Regional Education Center (formerly Vallejo Adult School)
  • HOPE School
  • Aspire 2 Achieve School

Post-secondary education

Government
See also: Government of Solano County, California

The Government of Vallejo is defined under the Charter of the City of Vallejo. It is a council–manager government and consists of the Mayor, City Council, and numerous departments and officers under the supervision of the City Manager, such as the Vallejo Police Department, Vallejo Fire Department, Vallejo Public Works Department, and Vallejo Economic Development Department.

As of June 2020, the council consists of:

  • Bob Sampayan (Mayor),
  • Hermie R. Sunga (Vice Mayor),
  • Robert H. McConnell (Mayoral candidate for 2021),
  • Hakeem Brown[44]
  • Katy Miessner,
  • Pippen Dew, and
  • Rozanna Verder-Aliga.[2]

County, state, and federal representation

Residents of Vallejo participate in the Government of Solano County and elections for Solano County Board of Supervisors districts 1 and 2 as well as the Sheriff-Coroner, District Attorney, Assessor/Recorder, Auditor-Controller and Treasurer/Tax Collector/County Clerk. As of January 2013, these were represented by Supervisors Erin Hannigan and Linda Seifert, Sheriff-Coroner Thomas Ferrara, District Attorney Krishna Abrams, Assessor/Recorder Marc Tonnesen, Auditor-Controller Phyllis Taynton, and Treasurer/Tax Collector/County Clerk Charles Lomeli.

In the California State Legislature, Vallejo is in the 3rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Dodd, and in the 14th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Tim Grayson.[45]

In the United States House of Representatives, it's in California's 5th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Thompson.[46]

Transportation

Vallejo's public transit includes the San Francisco Bay Ferry, which regularly runs from downtown Vallejo to the San Francisco Ferry Building. SolTrans buses carry passengers around the cities of Vallejo and Benicia, as well as offer express services to Fairfield, California, and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations in El Cerrito, California and Walnut Creek, California. Evans Transportation buses provide daily service to Oakland International Airport from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.[47]

Notable people

Athletes

Musicians

Media

Sister cities

Vallejo has six sister cities:[52]

City Division Country Year of Partnership
Trondheim Trøndelag  Norway 1960
Akashi  Hyōgo Prefecture  Japan 1968
La Spezia  Liguria  Italy 1987
Baguio directly administered  Philippines 1993
Bagamoyo Pwani Region  Tanzania 1993
Jincheon North Chungcheong Province  South Korea 2001


See also

References
  1. "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. "Mayor & City Council". City of Vallejo. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  3. "City Manager". City of Vallejo. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  4. "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  5. "California's 5th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  6. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  7. "Vallejo". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  8. "Vallejo (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  9. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  10. "Vallejo, California - City Information, Fast Facts, Schools, Colleges, and More". www.citytowninfo.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  11. Juanita Tamayo Lott (2006). Common Destiny: Filipino American Generations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7425-4651-6.
  12. "Vallejo Naval & Historic Museum - Welcome!". www.vallejomuseum.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  13. "The U.S.-Mexican War . Biographies . Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo - PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  14. "Visit Vallejo, California – City of Vallejo, CA". www.visitvallejo.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
  15. C.Michael Hogan, Marc Papineau et al., Environmental Assessment of the Columbus Parkway Widening between Ascot Parkway and the Northgate Development, Vallejo, Earth Metrics Inc. Report 7853, California State Clearinghouse, Sept, 1989
  16. "Distance between Vallejo united states and San Francisco united states". www.mapcrow.info. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  17. "Vallejo, California Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  18. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  19. Jessica Cumberbatch Anderson (September 7, 2012). "Most And Least Diverse Cities: Brown University Study Evaluates Diversity In The U.S." Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  20. Barrett A. Lee; John Iceland; Gregory Sharp (September 2012). "Racial and Ethnic Diversity Goes Local: Charting Change in American Communities Over Three Decades" (PDF). Brown University. US2010 Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  21. Wittstein, Ben (June 4, 2018). "The most diverse place in every state: Vallejo, California". MSN. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  22. "Vallejo (city), California". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  23. "California — Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  24. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Vallejo city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  25. Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  26. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  27. "Vallejo Population and Demographics (Vallejo, CA)". vallejo.areaconnect.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  28. "1947 – Weekend in Vallejo – GLBT Historical Society". YouTube. September 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  29. Bajko, Matthew (June 26, 2008). "A ferry ride away, Vallejo continues to attract SF gays". The Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  30. Gill, Elizabeth (June 30, 2009). "Rochelle H. v. Vallejo City Unified School District". ACLU of Northern California. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  31. "Vallejo sees influx of artists from pricier areas". November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
  32. "A Trip to the 'Up-Bay' in Search of Vallejo's Burgeoning Art Community". February 22, 2016. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
  33. "Vallejo, California Chapter 9 Voluntary Petition" (PDF). PacerMonitor. PacerMonitor. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  34. Jones, Carolyn (May 7, 2008). "Vallejo votes to declare Chapter 9 bankruptcy". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  35. Carolyn Jones (November 2, 2011). "Vallejo's bankruptcy ends after 3 tough years". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  36. "Excerpt From Boomerang, Debts of U.S. cities spun out of control with debts of individual Americans following". Archived from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  37. Levin, Sam (June 4, 2020). "Vallejo police kill unarmed 22-year-old, who was on his knees with his hands up". The Guardian. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  38. Levin, Sam (June 13, 2020). "19 dead in a decade: the small American city where violent police thrive". The Guardian. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  39. Emslie, Alex (May 20, 2014). "Questions Surround Surge in Vallejo Police Shootings". KQED. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  40. "Fiscal Services/Accounting - City of Simi Valley, CA". www.simivalley.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
  41. "North Hills Christian School". Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
  42. "St. Catherine of Siena School, Vallejo CA". scstars.net. Archived from the original on May 18, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
  43. "startinggateschool.com - Home". www.startinggateschool.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  44. "'Domestic violence bordering on torture': records reveal years of allegations against Vallejo councilmember". Open Vallejo. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  45. "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  46. "California's 5th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  47. "Bus and limousine transportation to San Francisco and Oakland airports, charter services, and Napa and Sonoma winery tours from Evans Transportation". www.evanstransportation.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  48. "Vallejo Independent Bulletin". Ibvallejo.com. May 9, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  49. James, Scott (November 20, 2009). "The Burning Voice of Vallejo". The Bay Area. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  50. "Vallejo Community Access Television". vcat.tv. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  51. "Open Vallejo - Knowledge is power. Power to the people". Open Vallejo. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  52. "Vallejo Sister City". Vallejo Sister City Association. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.

Vallejo Choral Society, a vibrant local arts non-profit founded in 1917

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.