Straight pool

Jerome Keogh invented the game in 1910

Straight pool is derived from an earlier game called continuous pool,[1] in which points are earned for every ball that is potted. When all of the balls are potted, a new rack begins and the player who potted the final ball plays the break. As players became skilled in scoring dozens of points in a single turn, they would often use defensive shots on the break to avoid their opponent potting the 15 balls on the table.[2]

In 1910, Jerome Keogh, who won numerous continuous pool tournaments, wanted to increase the attacking nature from the break-off shot. This new game became known as "14.1 continuous" and "14.1 rack", and in 1912 it became known as straight pool.[3] The 14.1 refers to the 14 balls that make up the rack when one ball remains. The game quickly overtook continuous pool in popularity and was the most-played version of pool until eight-ball became popular.[3][4]

In straight pool's first frame, fifteen object balls are racked with the center of the apex ball placed over the foot spot. Traditionally the 1-ball is placed at the rack's right corner and the 5-ball is placed at the rack's left corner.[4] Other balls are placed at random and must touch adjacent balls.[4]

Unlike most pool games, the object of straight pool's standard initial break shot is to leave the opponent without the chance to pot a ball. This is known as a safety. All shots—including the break shot—in straight pool require nomination, in which both the ball and pocket are called before the shot is taken.[lower-alpha 1][6] Some shots, such as caroms and combinations, do not have to be called. On the break, either a ball must be pocketed in a designated pocket, or the cue ball and at least two additional balls must touch a rail. The failure to accomplish either of these conditions results in a foul. Fouling on the initial break incurs a penalty loss of two points. In addition, the opponent has the choice of either accepting the table in position or of having the balls re-racked and requiring the offending player to repeat the opening break.[4][7]

An object ball is to the left of the racked balls. A typical layout for the intragame rack.

All other fouls made during the game incur a one-point deduction and third-consecutive foul at any time results in the loss of 15 points; this deduction is in addition to the one-point loss for each foul.[7] The unique feature of straight pool is the racking that is played when one ball remains. These intra-game racks have a specific set of rules; when the rack is supposed to be replaced, if neither the cue ball nor the object ball remain in the rack area, the balls are replaced with no ball at the apex. At this point, the aim is to pot the remaining ball and carom into the pack of balls, allowing a shot on the next ball and allowing the run to continue. Additional rules apply when either ball is in the position where the balls would usually be racked.[7]

In straight pool, skilled players can pot all of the balls in a single rack and continue to do so for large runs. On March 19, 1954, Willie Mosconi set a record-high run of 526 points over 36 racks.[8] Mosconi had been playing a race-to-200-points match against an amateur player called Earl Bruney in Springfield, Ohio. Bruney scored the first three points before Mosconi ran the next 200 points but continued for over two hours to 526 before missing a fine cut shot. The run was witnessed by 300 people, including a lawyer who produced an affidavit to confirm it took place, and it was later confirmed by the Billiard Congress of America.[9]

Mosconi's record for the highest documented run stood for over 65 years. It was finally beaten on May 27, 2019, when John Schmidt ran 626 balls in Monterey, California. It was the result of a sustained, months-long effort to break Mosconi's record. The run was captured on video which was never released.[10] Critics have argued that Mosconi's record was made in competition while Schmidt simply set up break shots for himself, and that his video was never released.[11]

Straight pool is governed by regional councils such as the European Pocket Billiard Federation, and at a worldwide level by the World Pool Association. The World Straight Pool Championship was created in 1913 and ran sporadically until 1990. In 2006, Dragon Promotions recreated the championship as the World Tournament.[12] A straight pool event has been played at the European Pool Championships annually since 1980.[13][14] The U.S. Open Straight Pool Championship was played annually from 1966 to 1993;[15] it was revived for one year in 2000 and has been held annually since 2016.[16]

The game has been in decline since the 1980s; players in the United States often call straight pool "dead".[17] Many factors have lead to the game's decline, including the popularity of games such as nine-ball and eight-ball, and a lack of competitions.[17]

Straight pool has been has featured in popular culture, most notably in the 1956 novel The Hustler and its 1961 film adaptation.[18][19] Straight pool, in common with other pool games, has been associated with hustling.[20]

• "A Game of Pool (1961)", an episode of the original Twilight Zone TV series concerning the game.
• "A Game of Pool (1989)", a remake of the 1961 episode for the 1980s revival of The Twilight Zone, featuring a different ending from the 1961 episode.
• American 14.1 Straight Pool Championship

• WPA World Standardized Rules for straight pool
• 14.1 Straight Pool Videos listed by the years