Megas logothetes

The megas logothetēs (Greek: μέγας λογοθέτης, "Grand Logothete"[lower-alpha 1]) was an official who served as effective foreign minister of the Byzantine Empire, in the period from c. 1250 to c. 1350, after which it continued as an honorific dignity. The office evolved from the Komnenian-era logothetēs tōn sekretōn, and was established during the Empire of Nicaea. Its holders were frequently distinguished scholars, who played a prominent role in the civil and military affairs of their time; three of its holders also served in tandem as the head of the civil administration and effective prime minister (mesazōn) of the Empire. The title was also used in the Empire of Trebizond. After the fall of Constantinople, it was adopted in the Danubian Principalities and as a honorific title for laymen in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Not to be confused with Megas logariastes.

Megas logothetēs
AppointerByzantine Emperor
Precursorlogothetēs tōn sekretōn
First holderStrategopoulos
Final holderGeorge Sphrantzes (Byzantine Empire)
George Amiroutzes (Empire of Trebizond)
Abolished1453/1461

History and functions

The post originated as the logothetēs tōn sekretōn, established by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) in an attempt to improve the coordination of the various fiscal departments (sekreta).[1][2] In the late 12th century, the logothetēs tōn sekretōn had risen to a pre-eminent position among the civil administrators, and was increasingly called the megas logothetēs to indicate this.[3] The all-powerful logothetēs tōn sekretōn Theodore Kastamonites, maternal uncle and de facto regent of the Empire during the early reign of Isaac II Angelos (r. 1185–1195, 1203–1204), was the first to be officially called megas logothetēs in a chrysobull of 1192, although as a honorific rather than an actual new title.[4]

The logothetēs tōn sekretōn was not formally replaced by the designation megas logothetēs until after 1204, in the Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261) and under the revived Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty (1261–1453).[5] As seen in the case of the first known megas logothetēs, Strategopoulos, in c. 1217, the post apparently retained its previous role: Strategopoulos is mentioned as president of the imperial tribunal, apparently the same body attested in 1196 under the presidency of the logothetēs tōn sekretōn.[6][7]

By the middle of the 13th century, however, its functions had evolved to become completely different from his antecedent: the megas logothetēs assumed the conduct of foreign affairs and headed the chancery involved with diplomatic correspondence, previously the purview of the logothetēs tou dromou.[7][8][9] The megas logothetēs was thus unique among the logothetes in retaining both its exalted position and an active function during the early Palaiologan period: the Book of Offices of pseudo-Kodinos, one of the main sources for the late Byzantine court and administration, records the logothetēs tou genikou, logothetēs tou dromou, logothetēs toū stratiōtikou, and logothetēs tōn agelōn as purely honorific titles without a function. Pseudo-Kodinos wrote shortly after the middle of the 14th century, but the situation he records is likely of even earlier date.[10]

The megas logothetes Theodore Metochites (tenure 1321–1328) presenting the model of the renovated Chora Church to Christ Pantocrator

Since the publication of Charles Diehl's study on the logothetēs tōn sekretōn in 1933, a generation of scholars considered the megas logothetēs as the de facto chief minister of the Palaiologan-era Byzantine Empire.[11] This view, however, has been proven as mistaken by later studies: numerous sources show that the position of chief minister during that time was designated by the title of mesazōn, an office that supervised the imperial chancery and was in charge of state administration and justice.[12][13][14] Indeed, Pseudo-Kodinos explicitly points out that the "proper function" of the megas logothetēs was to supervise "the prostagmata and chrysoboulla sent by the emperor to all kings, sultans and toparchs", while the mesastikion (the function of a mesazōn) "is carried out by whoever the emperor commands".[15] Only three megaloi logothetai are known to hold the mesastikion—Theodore Mouzalon, Theodore Metochites, and John Gabalas—and indeed appear to have been appointed as mesazōn before being promoted to megas logothetēs, thereby demonstrating the distinct nature of the two titles.[11][16] Already during pseudo-Kodinos's time, however, the purview of foreign affairs had been transferred to the mesazōn, and the megas logothetēs was thereafter reduced to a mostly honorific position; the early 15th-century writer Mazaris describes it as a "prize" (γέρας) without particular attributes.[7]

In his Untersuchungen zur spätbyzantinischen Verfassungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, the German scholar Ernst Stein proposed that in the early 14th century, the megas logothetēs also exercised the functions of the former Eparch of Constantinople in overseeing the administration of the imperial capital, until Andronikos III Palaiologos (r. 1328–1341), seeking to secure his throne after winning the civil war of 1321–1328, assigned them to the prōtostratōr. Stein's assumption relies on reading the mesastikion in the passage of Pseudo-Kodinos as a compound denoting the Mese boulevard (which Stein considered as the centre of the capital's administration) and the rest of the city, rather than relating it with the office of mesazōn; Stein's interpretation has been disproved by scholars such as Hans-Georg Beck and Léon-Pierre Raybaud.[17][18]

Originally, the title ranked twelfth in the overall hierarchy of the palace, between the megas konostaulos and the prōtosebastos, but in March/April 1321 Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328), wishing to exalt his favourite Theodore Metochites, promoted him from logothetēs tou genikou and raised the rank further to ninth place, above the megas stratopedarchēs and below the prōtostratōr. It appears that the rank retained this high position for the remainder of the Byzantine Empire's existence.[19][20]

According to pseudo-Kodinos, the insignia of office were a rich silk kabbadion (a kaftan-like tunic), a golden-red brimmed hat (skiadion) decorated with embroideries in the klapōton style, without veil, or a domed skaranikon hat, again in red and gold and decorated with golden wire, with a portrait of the emperor standing in front, and another of him enthroned in the rear. Unlike most officials of the court, he bore no staff of office (dikanikion).[21]

Following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the title was used in the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In the former, the Great Logothete (mare logofăt) was the chief minister of the prince and head of the chancellery, while in Wallachia, he was the second-most senior member of the prince's council, after the ban.[22] To this day, the leading rank among the lay archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople bears the title of "Grand Logothete".[23]

List of known megaloi logothetai

Empire of Nicaea and Palaiologan period
Name Tenure Appointed by Notes Refs
Strategopoulos c. 1217 Theodore I Laskaris The sebastos and megas logothetēs Strategopoulos (first name unknown) is attested as presiding over a court decision in a dispute between two communities in the area of Miletus. The tribunal was obviously the same as that presided over by the logothetēs tōn sekretōn in 1196, proving the evolutionary link between the two offices. [6]
George Akropolites 1255–1282 Theodore II Laskaris
Michael VIII Palaiologos		 A scholar and historian, Akropolites enjoyed a rapid rise in the imperial bureaucracy, rising to logothetēs tou genikou by 1246. As a protégé of Theodore II Laskaris, he was promoted to megas logothetēs in 1255. In that capacity he played a major role in political and military affairs, until his capture during a campaign against Michael II of Epirus in 1257. He was released in 1260. Following the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261, he asked Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to relieve him of his political functions so that he could dedicate himself to the revival of higher education in the imperial capital. Until his death in 1282, he served Michael VIII in a number of diplomatic missions. [24][25][26]
Theodore Mouzalon 1282–1294 Michael VIII Palaiologos
Andronikos II Palaiologos		 A very well-educated man, Mouzalon was named megas logothetēs after Akropolites' death, shortly before Michael VIII's own death. Mouzalon exercised great influence over the new emperor, Andronikos II. He not only served as the effective prime minister, but was even allowed to wear a gold-embroidered scarlet cap, similar to those borne by imperial princes. In 1291, Andronikos II elevated him to the rank of prōtovestiarios as well, and later married his son Constantine to Mouzalon's daughter. Following the onset of the illness that would lead to his death in March 1294, Mouzalon requested to be relieved of his administrative duties. On his advice, the emperor handed them over to Nikephoros Choumnos. [27][28]
Constantine Akropolites c. 1305/06–1321 Andronikos II Palaiologos Eldest son of George Akropolites and a scholar himself, he was named logothetēs tou genikou by 1282, which he kept at least until c. 1294. The exact date of his appointment as megas logothetēs is uncertain. The title was mostly honorific, as conduct of affairs remained in the hands of the mesazōn Nikephoros Choumnos, and then Theodore Metochites. [29][30][31]
Theodore Metochites 1321–1328 Andronikos II Palaiologos A noted scholar, Metochites successively advanced from logothetēs tōn agelōn (1290) to logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn (1295/96), logothetēs tou genikou (1305), and finally megas logothetēs in 1321, although he had replaced Nikephoros Choumnos as the de facto prime minister (mesazōn) since 1305. Following the deposition of Andronikos II in the civil war of 1321–1328, Metochites was dismissed and exiled, ending his days as a monk. [32][33][34]
John Gabalas 1343–1344 John V Palaiologos Originally a partisan of John VI Kantakouzenos, the megas droungarios John Gabalas defected to the regency for John V during the civil war of 1341–1347. He was promoted to prōtosebastos and eventually megas logothetēs, before falling out with the head of the regency, Alexios Apokaukos, and being imprisoned. [35][36]
John Palaiologos Raoul 1344 John V Palaiologos Uncle of John V, attested as megas logothetēs in two acts concerning the monasteries of Zographou and Philotheou in October–November 1344. Guilland considers him identical to John Gabalas. [35][37]
Nikephoros Laskaris Metochites c. 1355–1357 John VI Kantakouzenos
John V Palaiologos		 Son of Theodore Metochites, partisan of Andronikos III Palaiologos during the civil war of 1321–1328, and of John Kantakouzenos during the civil war of 1341–1347. He is attested as megas logothetēs in 1355–1357, but was evidently appointed by John VI and retained by John V after Kantakouzenos' resignation in 1354. [38][39]
George Sphrantzes 1451/52–1453 Constantine XI Palaiologos After a succession of civil and diplomatic functions under Manuel II Palaiologos and Constantine XI Palaiologos, including as governor of Patras, Mystras, and Selymbria, Sphrantzes was appointed as the last megas logothetēs of the Byzantine Empire. During the Fall of Constantinople he was taken captive, but was ransomed and continued to travel in the Balkans and Italy. He wrote a chronicle, the Chronicon Minus, based on his diary, covering the events of 1413–1477. [40][41][42]

Empire of Trebizond
Name Tenure Appointed by Notes Refs
George Scholarios c. 1363 Alexios III Megas Komnenos Attested in a treatise of George Gemistos Plethon. [43]
George Amiroutzes c. 1458–1461 David Megas Komnenos A noted philosopher and theologian, he served as the last prime minister of the Empire of Trebizond, with the titles of megas logothetēs and prōtovestiarios. Considered pro-Turkish by contemporaries, he is accused of persuading Emperor David to surrender to the Ottomans during the Siege of Trebizond (1461). He spent the rest of his life as philosophy tutor of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. [44][45]

Footnotes
  1. Logothetēs means "one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates", literally "one who sets the word". Originally designating junior officials, mostly charged with fiscal duties, it became applied to the heads of the fiscal departments of the central government in the 7th century.[1]

References
  1. ODB, "Logothetes" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1247.
  2. Guilland 1971, pp. 75–76.
  3. Guilland 1971, p. 78.
  4. Guilland 1971, pp. 83–84.
  5. Guilland 1971, pp. 78–79.
  6. Guilland 1971, p. 104.
  7. Oikonomidès 1985, p. 169.
  8. Loenertz 1960, pp. 291–292.
  9. Guilland 1971, pp. 101–102.
  10. Guilland 1971, p. 102.
  11. Beck 1955, p. 316.
  12. Loenertz 1960, pp. 275–300.
  13. Beck 1955, pp. 311–320.
  14. Verpeaux 1955, pp. 270–296.
  15. Verpeaux 1966, p. 174.
  16. Raybaud 1968, pp. 203–204.
  17. Beck 1955, p. 315.
  18. Raybaud 1968, p. 204.
  19. Guilland 1971, pp. 103, 112.
  20. Verpeaux 1966, p. 137.
  21. Verpeaux 1966, p. 154.
  22. "logofăt". Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (in Romanian). Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Editura Univers Enciclopedic. 1988.
  23. "Offikion - Archon Titles". Order of St. Andrew the Apostle: Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018.
  24. Guilland 1971, pp. 104–106.
  25. ODB, "Akropolites, George" (R. J. Macrides), p. 49.
  26. PLP, 518. Ἀκροπολίτης Γεώργιος.
  27. Guilland 1971, pp. 106–108.
  28. PLP, 19439. Mουζάλων, Θεόδωρος Βοΐλας.
  29. Guilland 1971, pp. 108–110.
  30. ODB, "Akropolites, Constantine" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 49.
  31. PLP, 520. Ἀκροπολίτης Κωνσταντῖνος.
  32. Guilland 1971, pp. 110–113.
  33. ODB, "Metochites, Theodore" (A.-M. Talbot), pp. 1357–1358.
  34. PLP, 17982. Μετοχίτης Θεόδωρος.
  35. Guilland 1971, pp. 113–114.
  36. PLP, 93286. Γαβαλᾶς Ἰωάννης.
  37. PLP, 24126. Ῥαούλ, Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος.
  38. Guilland 1971, p. 114.
  39. PLP, 17986. Μετοχίτης, Νικηφόρος Λάσκαρις.
  40. Guilland 1971, pp. 114–115.
  41. PLP, 27278. Σφραντζῆς, Γεώργιος [Φιαλίτης].
  42. ODB, "Sphrantzes, George" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 1937.
  43. PLP, 27303. Σχολάριος Γεώργιος.
  44. PLP, 784. Ἀμιρούτζης Γεώργιος.
  45. ODB, "Amiroutzes, George" (A.-M. Talbot), pp. 77–78.

Sources
  • Beck, Hans-Georg (1955). "Der byzantinische "Ministerpräsident"" [The Byzantine 'Prime Minister']. Byzantinische Zeitschrift (in German). 48 (2): 309–338. doi:10.1515/byzs.1955.48.2.309.
  • Guilland, Rodolphe (1971). "Les Logothètes: Etudes sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin" [The Logothetes: Studies on the Administrative History of the Byzantine Empire]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 29: 5–115. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1971.1441.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Loenertz, Raymond-Joseph (1960). "Le chancelier impérial à Byzance au XIVe et au XIIIe siècle" [The imperial chancellor in Byzantium in the 14th and 15th century]. Orientalia christiana periodica (in French). 26: 275–300.
  • Oikonomidès, Nicolas (1985). "La chancellerie impériale de Byzance du 13e au 15e siècle" [The imperial chancery of Byzantium from the 13th to the 15th centuries]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 43: 167–195. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1985.2171.
  • Raybaud, Léon-Pierre (1968). Le gouvernement et l'administration centrale de l'empire byzantin sous les premiers Paléologues (1258-1354) [The government and central administration of the Byzantine Empire under the first Palaiologoi (1258-1354)] (in French). Éditions Sirey.
  • Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.
  • Verpeaux, Jean (1955). "Contribution a l'étude de l'administration byzantine: ὁ μεσάζων" [Contribution to the study of Byzantine administration: ὁ μεσάζων]. Byzantinoslavica (in French). 16: 270–296.
  • Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
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