Mentalism

Much of what modern mentalists perform in their acts can be traced back directly to "tests" of supernatural power that were carried out by mediums, spiritualists, and psychics in the 19th century.[13] However, the history of mentalism goes back even further. Accounts of seers and oracles can be found in the Old Testament[14][15] of the Bible and in works about ancient Greece.[16] The mentalist act generally cited as one of the earliest on record in the modern era was performed by diplomat and pioneering sleight-of-hand magician Girolamo Scotto in 1572.[17] The performance of mentalism may utilize conjuring principles including sleights, feints, misdirection, and other skills of street or stage magic.[18] Nonetheless, modern mentalists also now increasingly incorporate insights from human psychology and behavioral sciences to produce unexplainable experiences and effects for their audiences.

Styles of mentalist presentation can vary greatly. In this vein, Penn & Teller explain that "[m]entalism is a genre of magic that exists across a spectrum of morality."[10] In the past, at times, some performers such Alexander[19] and Uri Geller[20][21][22] have promoted themselves as genuine psychics. Other famous mentalists, such as Joseph Dunninger, have claimed that their skills were human, but the result of extensive practice and study.[5] The style of Theodore Annemann has been described as "that of an ordinary person, with extraordinary powers."[23]

Some contemporary performers, such as Derren Brown, attribute their results and effects to natural skills, including the ability to master magic techniques and showmanship, read body language, and influence audiences with psychological principles, such as suggestion.[3] In this vein, Brown explains that he presents and stages "psychological experiments" through his performances.[24] Mentalist and psychic entertainer Banachek also rejects that he possesses any supernatural or actual psychic powers,[25] having worked with the James Randi Educational Foundation for many years to investigate and debunk fake psychics.[26] Thus, he is also clear with the public that the effects and experiences he creates through his stage performance are the result of his highly developed performance skills and magic techniques, combined with psychological principles and tactics.[27][28]

Max Maven often presents his performances as creating interactive mysteries and explorations of the mysterious dimensions of the human mind.[29] He is described as a "mentalist and master magician"[30] as well as a "mystery theorist."[31] In recent years, many other mentalists and allied performers also have begun to promote themselves as "mystery entertainers," as well.[32]

Others, including Maurice Fogel, Kreskin, Chan Canasta, and David Berglas, may make no specific claims about how effects are achieved and may leave it up to the audience to decide, creating what has been described as "a wonderful sense of ambiguity about whether they posses true psychic ability or not."[33]

Contemporary mentalists often take their shows onto the streets and perform tricks to a live, unsuspecting audience. They do this by approaching random members of the public and ask to demonstrate so-called supernatural powers. However, some performers such as Derren Brown who often adopt this method of performance tell their audience before the trick starts that everything they see is an illusion and that they are not really "having their mind read." This has been the cause of a lot of controversy in the sphere of magic as some mentalists want their audience to believe that this type of magic is "real" while others think that it is morally wrong to lie to a spectator.[34]

Professional mentalists generally do not mix "standard" magic tricks with their mental feats. Doing so associates mentalism too closely with the theatrical trickery employed by stage magicians. Many mentalists claim not to be magicians at all, arguing that it is a different art form altogether.[6][5] The argument is that mentalism invokes belief and imagination that, when presented properly, may allow the audience to interpret a given effect as "real" or may at least provide enough ambiguity that it is unclear whether it is actually possible to somehow achieve.[35][2][36] This lack of certainty about the limits of what is real may lead individuals in an audience to reach different conclusions and beliefs about mentalist performers' claims - be they about their various so-called psychic abilities, photographic memory, being a "human calculator", power of suggestion, NLP, or other skills. In this way, mentalism may play on the senses and a spectator's perception or understanding of reality in a different way than conjuring techniques utilized in stage magic.[37][2]

Magicians often ask the audience to suspend their disbelief, ignore natural laws, and allow their imagination to play with the various tricks they present. They admit that they are tricksters from the outset, and they know that the audience understands that everything is an illusion.[38][2] Everyone knows that the magician cannot really achieve the impossible feats shown, such as sawing a person in half and putting them back together without injury, but that level of certainty does not generally exist among the mentalist's audience.

However, some magicians do still mix mentally-themed performance with magic illusions. For example, a mind-reading stunt might also involve the magical transposition of two different objects. Such hybrid feats of magic are often called mental magic by performers. Magicians who routinely mix magic with mental magic include David Copperfield, David Blaine, The Amazing Kreskin, and Dynamo.[39] Notable mentalists who mix magic with mentalism include The Amazing Kreskin, Richard Osterlind, David Berglas, Derren Brown, and Joseph Dunninger.

Mentalism techniques have, on occasion, been allegedly used outside the entertainment industry to influence the actions of prominent people for personal and/or political gain. Famous examples of accused practitioners include:

• Erik Jan Hanussen, alleged to have influenced Adolf Hitler[40]
• Grigori Rasputin, alleged to have influenced Tsarina Alexandra[41]
• Wolf Messing, alleged to have influenced Joseph Stalin[42]
• Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, accused of influencing members of the French aristocracy in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace

In Albert Einstein's preface to Upton Sinclair’s 1930 book on telepathy, Mental Radio, he supported his friend's endeavor to test the abilities of purported psychics and skeptically suggested: "So if somehow the facts here set forth rest not upon telepathy, but upon some unconscious hypnotic influence from person to person, this also would be of high psychological interest."[43] As such, Einstein here alluded to techniques of modern mentalism.

• James Randi is the main subject of the autobiographical documentary An Honest Liar, which tells the story of his personal life, career in magic, and journey of debunking fraudulent faith healers and psychics, including his early collaboration with Banachek during Project Alpha.
• Eric Dittelman, a mind reader, performed on Season 7 of the NBC talent competition America's Got Talent. He made it to the semifinals, and was the first mentalist to be featured on the show.
• Cristian Gog, a mentalist, won the big prize on Romania's Got Talent.
• Derren Brown is the start of the British TV show Tricks of the Mind, as well as the 2018 Netflix special Darren Brown: Sacrifice.
• Katherine Mills performed on Mind Games, a British TV show.
• Spidey Mentalist performed on Penn & Teller: Fool Us.

• The Mentalist: an American crime procedural television series in which the main character, Patrick Jane, worked as an independent consultant for the California Bureau of Investigation and later the Federal Bureau of Investigation, solving serious crimes by using his skills of observation and his frequent use of his abilities as a former professional mentalist.
• Psych: an American criminal comedy television series in which the main character, Shawn Spencer, works as a consultant to the Santa Barbara Police Department as a "psychic detective". Though he purports to be a psychic, the truth is that his exceptional observational skills, amazing vision, and near-photographic memory allow him to portray himself as such.
• The Great Buck Howard: "The Great" Buck Howard, played by John Malkovich, is a declining mentalist who attempts to stage a comeback. The film was inspired by The Amazing Kreskin.[44]
• Now You See Me and Now You See Me 2: Merritt McKinney, played by Woody Harrelson, performs as a mentalist.
• Pretham: John Don Bosco, played by Jayasurya, performs as a mentalist in the Malayalam movie released in August 2016.[45]
• Raju Gari Gadhi 2: Rudra, played by Akkineni Nagarjuna, performs as a mentalist in Telugu movie released in October 2017.
• Psycho-Pass: Inspector Arata Shindo is ranked a Class-A mentalist,[46] using his knowledge and empathy to envision the actions of other people.

• Cold reading
• James Randi
• Memory sport
• Mnemonist
• Scientific skepticism
• Theatrical seances
• Thirteen Steps To Mentalism (book)

• H. J. Burlingame. (1891). Mind-Readers and Their Tricks. In Leaves from Conjurers' Scrap books: Or, Modern Magicians and Their Works. Chicago: Donohue, Henneberry & Co. pp. 108–127
• Darren Brown (2007). Tricks of the Mind. Transworld Press. United Kingdom.
• Steve Drury (2016). Beyond Knowledge. Drury. ISBN 978-1-3265-4486-7
• Max Maven (1992). Max Maven's Book of Fortunetelling. Prentice Hall General; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0135641217
• William V. Rauscher. (2002). Mind Readers: Masters of Deception. Mystic Light Press.
• Barry H. Wiley. (2012). The Thought Reader Craze: Victorian Science at the Enchanted Boundary. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6470-8