Metrolinx mobility hubs

Metrolinx mobility hubs are locations with significant levels of planned transit service in the Canadian province of Ontario, as identified by the regional planning transportation agency Metrolinx under The Big Move. A mobility hub consists of a major transit station and the immediate surrounding area, where different forms of transportation come together, serving as the origin, destination or transfer point for a significant amount of trips. It is also a concentrated point of employment, housing, and recreation, making them places of significant economic development and activity where office buildings, hospitals, educational institutions, government service and information centres, shopping malls and restaurants can be located.[1]

Mobility hubs in the GTHA

There are 51 mobility hubs in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) that have been identified and profiled by Metrolinx within an 800-metre radius around the transit station. Data has been collected to establish:

  • Population and population density
  • Employment and job density
  • Demographics
  • Personal income
  • Housing
    • Dwelling type and ownership
    • People per household
  • Travel behaviour
    • Travel starting and ending at the hub
    • Transportation mode share
  • Transportation costs
  • Car ownership
  • Existing and planned transit service

Of these, Metrolinx has undertaken studies on seven of them that provide a plan for the design and conceptual vision of the mobility hub in the future.[2]

Demographics

Hub / Station Population Employment Households
Total Density[lower-alpha 1] Growth[lower-alpha 2] Age Jobs Density[lower-alpha 3] Income Growth[lower-alpha 4] Tenure Type[lower-alpha 5]
0-1415-6465+ <$30K$30–70K>$70KAverage OwnRent Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Bloor–Yonge[3] 32,50016218% 5%81%14% 56,600281.7 28%32%40%$103,000 20% 32%68% 3%9%88%
Bramalea[4] 800439% 16%74%10% 4,70023.1 10%46%44%$78,000 70% 54%46% 36%11%53%
Hurontario–Steeles[5] 8,4004210% 19%70%11% 3,10015.3 25%39%35%$67,000 13% 36%64% 36%3%62%
Brampton Downtown[6] 6,8003417% 13%70%17% 3,70018.6 13%70%17%$73,000 28% 40%60% 39%13%49%
Burlington GO[7] 3,600181% 14%70%17% 2,50012.4 19%43%38%$76,000 3% 52%48% 55%20%25%
Cooksville GO[8] 18,400929% 17%72%11% 3,40017.1 27%39%34%$61,000 12% 54%46% 26%8%66%
Don Mills–Sheppard[9] 17,0008525% 18%72%10% 4,40022 28%40%32%$64,000 25% 31%69% 23%76%
Don Mills–Steeles[10] 8,10040-3% 13%69%18% 2,20011 27%28%45%$89,000 2% 77%23% 73%14%13%
Downtown Burlington[11] 7,800521% 9%64%27% 3,60018.5 29%41%30%$64,000 3% 35%65% 22%13%65%
Dundas WestBloor[12] 18,400922% 13%76%11% 4,40021.9 34%33%32%$72,000 4% 38%62% 25%38%37%
Eglinton–Don Mills[13] 9,800498% 20%71%10% 9,10045.3 41%38%21%$57,000 9% 25%75% 18%10%72%
Eglinton–Mount Dennis[14] 7,50037-3% 18%73%10% 2,90014.2 41%38%21%$48,000 1% 44%56% 45%43%12%
Eglinton West[15] 17,000843% 15%73%12% 3,20015.7 26%29%45%$115,000 4% 49%51% 41%17%43%
Finch[16] 27,60013712% 10%79%11% 12,60062.6 33%34%32%$65,000 16% 62%38% 12%5%83%
Finch West[17] 7,3003613% 16%71%13% 4,00019.7 31%42%27%$59,000 16% 56%44% 30%10%59%
Downtown Hamilton[18] 18,100907% 7%78%14% 20,500102.1 55%34%11%$37,000 7% 14%86% 8%19%74%
Hamilton–LIUNA[19] 7,500370% 17%71%12% 4,00020.5 36%43%21%$50,000 3% 51%49% 66%16%18%
Jane–Bloor[20] 10,600536% 18%69%13% 2,40012.1 15%24%62%$148,000 6% 73%27% 68%22%10%
Jane–Eglinton[21] 12,10060-2% 18%70%13% 1,9009.7 39%39%22%$49,000 1% 54%46% 39%16%46%
Jane–Finch[22] 16,200815% 23%66%10% 2,70013.7 41%40%19%$46,000 7% 36%64% 38%7%55%
Kennedy (TTC / GO)[23] 14,700736% 19%69%12% 1,7008.2 37%40%23%$50,000 7% 42%58% 36%8%55%
Kipling (TTC / GO)[24] 3,8001916% 12%73%15% 6,20030.6 18%32%50%$90,000 22% 68%32% 45%5%50%
Leslie–407[25] 1,700911% 9%78%13% 13,50067.0 42%33%26%$51,000 20% 82%18% 32%2%67%
MainDanforth[26] 17,400874% 16%75%9% 3,50017.2 30%35%35%$71,000 8% 48%52% 46%19%35%
Markham Centre[27] 1,400747% 14%76%10% 1,8009.0 24%31%45%$76,000 61% 67%33% 50%50%
Milton Downtown[28] 4,200218% 20%69%11% 1,8009.2 5%21%74%$107,000 9% 96%4% 98%2%
Mississauga City Centre
/ Square One[29]
7,3003645% 13%75%12% 18,00089.5 17%36%46%$78,000 60% 66%34% 16%2%83%
Mohawk–James[30] 6,300322% 13%67%21% 1,9009.7 24%44%32%$60,000 6% 68%32% 76%13%12%
Newmarket Centre[31] 4,7002310% 17%70%13% 5,80028.7 22%36%42%$77,000 9% 67%33% 70%21%10%
Newmarket GO[32] 5,10026-3% 12%71%13% 3,00014.7 22%39%40%$73,000 1% 60%40% 57%29%14%
North York Centre[33] 23,50011710% 9%77%14% 26,200130.5 31%34%36%$68,000 11% 59%41% 10%2%87%
Oakville Midtown[34] 2,40012-4% 14%66%21% 3,90019.3 16%26%59%$139,000 -2% 70%30% 53%8%38%
Osgoode[35] 15,0007444% 6%86%9% 217,0001082.7 29%33%39%$89,000 53% 40%60% 2%14%84%
Oshawa Downtown GO[36] 5,20026-7% 14%71%15% 1,2006.0 39%41%20%$46,000 -3% 50%50% 60%23%17%
Oshawa GO[37] 70038% 18%73%9% 1,9009.4 13%39%49%$78,000 13% 79%21% 89%12%
Pape[38] 17,80089-2% 17%71%12% 5,30026.2 21%25%54%$110,000 0% 65%35% 65%30%6%
Pearson Airport[39] 8,00040.0
Pickering Downtown[40] 4,2002110% 16%68%16% 4,30021.3 20%37%43%$72,000 12% 66%34% 57%5%38%
Port Credit GO[41] 7,8004110% 12%72%16% 1,9009.9 22%35%43%$95,000 13% 40%60% 29%13%58%
Queen[42] 18,4009133% 6%86%7% 215,0001071.7 28%32%40%$93,000 37% 43%57% 1%6%93%
Renforth[43] 1,900103% 14%72%13% 7,90039.5 6%27%68%$105,000 7% 97%3% 100%
Richmond HillLangstaff Gateway[44] 6,5003214% 15%75%11% 2,30011.2 21%28%51%$82,000 20% 84%16% 48%52%
Scarborough Centre[45] 10,1005018% 11%77%12% 13,40066.7 31%37%32%$60,000 20% 68%32% 14%1%85%
Seaton[46] 300247% 18%73%9% 600.3 7%20%73%$130,000 62% 92%8% 100%
Sheppard–Yonge[47] 24,20012011% 9%80%11% 26,600132.3 28%35%37%$71,000 10% 62%38% 12%8%80%
St. George[48] 18,600929% 5%80%16% 29,600147.4 29%29%42%$124,000 11% 27%73% 9%25%65%
Steeles[49] 8,400429% 11%73%16% 3,80018.9 27%33%40%$75,000 9% 65%35% 49%1%50%
Union[50] 18,2009341% 5%86%9% 190,200972.5 22%26%52%$132,000 44% 47%53% 97%3%
Vaughan Metro Centre[51] 6,00029.9
Yonge–Eglinton[52] 27,60013717% 8%79%12% 23,200115.3 27%36%37%$87,000 19% 29%71% 13%16%71%
York University
Steeles West[53]
1,400733% 10%87%2% 6,80033.9 70%25%5%$26,000 26% 40%60% 58%14%28%
Mobility Hub Average 10,90455 12%75%12% 19,68099 33%38%40%$90,700 46%54% 29%13%58%
GTHA Average 7.9 17%70%13% 3.8 20%31%49%$97,000 69%31%
  1. People per hectare
  2. 2009-2014
  3. Jobs per hectare
  4. 2009-2014
  5. Low-rise = Single family, semi-detached, rowhouse, duplex
    Mid-rise = <5 storeys
    High-rise = >5 storeys

Mobility

Hub Rapid Transit Travel Behaviour (AM)
Start at Hub End at Hub
Total Total
Bloor–Yonge[3]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to
Kipling
Kennedy
to Union
36%34%27%3%17,130 34%57%7%3%47,570
Bramalea[4]
to Kitchener
to
Lisgar
427
to Union Station
89%9%2%1%1,930 97%2%1%0%3,600
Hurontario–Steeles[5]
to Brampton
to
Lisgar
427
to Port Credit
72%16%11%4,830 80%13%6%4,920
Brampton Downtown[6]
or to Snelgrove
to Kitchener
to PeelYork boundary
to Union Station
to Port Credit
83%10%6%4,410 83%10%6%5,880
Burlington GO[7]
/ to Brant @ Dundas
to
West Harbour, Hamilton
Union Station
/ to Downtown Burlington
85%6%7%1%3,530 90%6%3%1%3,620
Downtown Burlington[11]
/ to Brant @ Dundas
81%7%7%4%2,170 89%3%7%2%2,800
Cooksville GO[8]
to Brampton
to
Milton
Union Station
to
Brant
Kipling
to Port Credit
69%25%5%9,270 82%10%8%7,180
Don Mills–Sheppard[9]
to Highway 7
to Sheppard–Yonge
to Meadowvale
to Pape
51%37%11%1%7,420 71%16%12%5,020
Don Mills–Steeles[10]
to Highway 7
to
Pioneer Village
Milliken
to Pape
70%24%6%3,560 85%8%6%2,250
Dundas WestBloor[12]
to Pearson
to Kitchener
to
Kipling
Kennedy
to Union Station
43%44%8%5%10,040 59%24%11%5%4,970
Eglinton–Don Mills[13]
to Highway 7
to Locust Hill, Seaton
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Union, Summerhill
to Pape
58%30%11%5,540 72%16%12%9,120
Eglinton–Mount Dennis[14]
to Pearson
to Kitchener
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Union Station
57%37%6%3,800 70%20%10%4,090
Eglinton West[15]
to Vaughan
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Union
54%39%6%1%7,790 70%20%10%4,150
Finch[16]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to Humber College
to Union
55%37%8%12,780 68%28%3%1%13,710
Finch West[17]
to Vaughan
to
Humber College
Finch
to Union
58%30%12%4,440 68%27%5%5,000
Downtown Hamilton[18]
to Waterfront
to
McMaster University
Eastgate Square
to Union Station
to Hamilton Airport
67%15%16%1%7,570 74%16%9%1%20,810
Hamilton–LIUNA[19]
to Waterfront
to
Union Station
Niagara Falls
to Hamilton Airport
66%16%16%2%2,950 76%16%7%3,940
Jane–Bloor[20]
to Vaughan
to
Kipling
Kennedy
56%33%7%3%5,190 66%24%7%2%2,750
Jane–Eglinton[21]
to Vaughan
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Jane
53%41%6%4,900 73%16%11%2,570
Jane–Finch[22]
to Vaughan
to
Pearson
Finch
to Jane
53%33%13%5,570 69%14%16%4,350
Kennedy (TTC / GO)[23]
to Lincolnville
to Scarborough Centre
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Kipling
to Union Station
56%37%7%6,820 68%22%9%4,210
Kipling (TTC / GO)[24]
to Kennedy
to Union Station
to Renforth
to Milton
70%25%4%1%5,130 81%15%3%1%6,610
Leslie–407[25]
to Highway 7
to
Highway 427
Unionville
to Pape
82%15%2%1,900 96%3%11,560
MainDanforth[26]
to
Kipling
Kennedy
to
Union Station
Bowmanville
62%26%10%1%7,860 50%42%5%2%4,720
Markham Centre[27]
to Lincolnville
to
PeelYork boundary
Locust Hill
to
Hurontario
Highway 35/115
to Union Station
93%6%1%1,210 86%8%5%1%2,990
Milton Downtown[28]
to
Cambridge
Union Station
to Oakville
83%9%8%2,330 82%8%9%1%2,990
Mississauga City Centre
/ Square One[29]
to Brampton
to
Winston Churchill
Renforth
to Port Credit
77%19%4%6,670 85%13%2%16,190
Mohawk–James[30]
to Waterfront
to
Meadowlands Terminal
Centre Mall
to Hamilton Airport
77%12%10%1%3,900 78%14%7%1%4,060
Newmarket Centre[31]
to East Gwillimbury
to Highway 404
to Richmond Hill Centre
88%7%4%2,470 93%4%2%5,240
Newmarket GO[32]
to Allandale Waterfront
to
Newmarket Terminal
Highway 404
to Union Station
84%7%9%2,940 83%10%6%4,370
North York Centre[33]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to Union
51%39%9%15,020 63%29%7%1%26,100
Oakville Midtown[34]
to Milton
to Renforth
to
Hamilton/West Harbour
Union Station
89%9%2%1%2,690 94%4%1%4,920
Osgoode[35]
to Vaughan
to
Dundas West
Pape
to Union
45%21%30%4%16,010 24%67%7%2%187,430
Oshawa Downtown GO[36]
to Highway 407
to
Union Station
Bowmanville
76%15%7%1%1,770 88%6%6%1,770
Oshawa GO[37]
to Oshawa Downtown GO
to Union Station
94%4%1%2%440 96%4%1,630
Pape[38]
to Highway 7
to
Kipling
Kennedy
to Dundas West
47%36%12%5%8,340 53%33%12%1%6,650
Pearson Airport[39]
to Union Station
to Highway 7
to Finch
to UTSC
96%3%1%740 94%6%3,510
Pickering Downtown[40]
to
Union Station
Bowmanville
to Highway 407
84%13%3%2,460 93%5%2%4,890
Port Credit GO[41]
to Brampton
to
Milton, Hamilton
Union Station
to Union Station
80%14%6%3,250 87%9%4%2,790
Queen[42]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to
Dundas West
Pape
to Union
40%27%30%3%18,510 23%69%6%2%195,730
Renforth[43]
to Pearson
to UTSC
to Winston Churchill
to Kipling
80%11%9%1,390 91%7%2%7,190
Richmond Hill
Langstaff Gateway[44]
to Gormley
to East Gwillimbury
to
PeelYork boundary
Locust Hill
to
Hurontario
Highway 35/115
to Union
75%21%4%3,930 93%3%4%2,360
Scarborough Centre[45]
/ to Highway 7
to Oshawa Downtown GO
to Kipling
67%31%3%5,830 81%17%2%11,310
Seaton[46]
to Highway 407
to
Milliken
Oshawa Central
to Summerhill
to Pickering
81%17%2%300 100%40
Sheppard–Yonge[47]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to Don Mills
to Union
54%38%7%13,390 64%30%5%1%25,180
St. George[48]
to Vaughan
to
Kipling
Kennedy
to Union
47%31%16%6%9,110 28%60%7%5%38,790
Steeles[49]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to
Pioneer Village
Milliken
to Union
58%32%10%4,110 69%21%9%6,090
Union[50]
to
Vaughan
Richmond Hill Centre
<
>
to Port Credit
40%23%33%3%16,060 23%69%6%2%158,380
Vaughan Metro Centre[51]
to
PeelYork boundary
Locust Hill
to Union
to Jane
100%490 93%6%4,390
Yonge–Eglinton[52]
to Richmond Hill Centre
to
Pearson
UTSC
to Union
48%42%9%1%15,610 45%45%8%1%23,770
York University
Steeles West[53]
to Vaughan Metro Centre
to Milliken
to Union
87%9%3%950 39%59%1%18,580

References

  1. "Metrolinx Mobility Hubs". Metrolinx. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  2. "Mobility Hubs in the GTHA". Metrolinx. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  3. "Yonge-Bloor Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  4. "Bramalea GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  5. "Hurontario-Steeles Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  6. "Downtown Brampton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  7. "Burlington GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  8. "Cooksville GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  9. "Don Mills-Sheppard Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  10. "Don Mills-Steeles Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  11. "Downtown Burlington Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  12. "Dundas West-Bloor GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  13. "Don Mills-Eglinton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  14. "Eglinton-Mt Dennis Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  15. "Eglinton West Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  16. "Finch Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  17. "Finch West Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  18. "Downtown Hamilton GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  19. "Hamilton-LIUNA Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  20. "Jane-Bloor Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  21. "Jane-Eglinton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  22. "Jane-Finch Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  23. "Kennedy Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  24. "Kipling Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  25. "Leslie-407 Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  26. "Main-Danforth Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  27. "Markham Centre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  28. "Downtown Milton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  29. "Mississauga City Centre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  30. "Mohawk-James Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  31. "Newmarket Centre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  32. "NewmarketGO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  33. "NorthYorkCentre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  34. "Midtown-Oakville Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  35. "Osgoode Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  36. "Downtown Oshawa GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  37. "Oshawa GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  38. "Pape Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  39. "Pearson Airport Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  40. "Downtown Pickering Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  41. "Port Credit GO Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  42. "Queen Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  43. "Renforth Gateway Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  44. "Richmond Hill-Langstaff Gateway Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  45. "Scarborough Centre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  46. "Seaton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  47. "Yonge-Sheppard Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  48. "St George Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  49. "Steeles Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  50. "Union Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  51. "Vaughan Corporate Centre Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  52. "Yonge-Eglinton Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  53. "York University-Steeles West Mobility Hub Profile" (PDF). Mobility Hub Profile. Metrolinx. December 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.